Miranda v. Arizona (1967), Essay Example

One

In the United States, the process of creating new public policy incorporates a three step analysis. Initially, the problem which is the public challenge must be reviewed. Secondly, the parties who are involved must be identified and evaluated. Thirdly, the policy which is to be implemented must be assessed and adapted to the problem (Sapru, 2010).  Conventionally, the members of the public will raise awareness of a problem.

An example of this characteristic is the passive demonstration which had been waged by the workers at General Motors (Michigan State University, 2014). A negotiating agent intervened in the situation and as a result of the review of the problem; the analysis of the parties which had been involved and the solutions which was required, the Wagner Act was enacted. The Wagner Act was assessed and subsequently declared as being against the best interest of the United States’ Constitution.  An election was taken by the Supreme Court and the Wagner Act had been reinstated by a vote which was five in favor and four against. This review occurred as a result of the review of another related labor relations case which was presented before the Supreme Court. The case which caused the review of the Wagner Act was the National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation case which had been brought to the attention of the Supreme Court (Cortner, 1964).

The logical model for the creation of public policy can be separated into three phases. The initial phase is the agenda establishing phase. The second phase is the creation of different options and the final stage is the implementation phase. In the agenda establishing process, the federal government representatives convene in order to address the issue with the objective of debating its merits or demerits (Sapru, 2010). An example of this type of address is the essay which had been presented by Congressman Ron Paul of Texas which was titled: No Corporate Welfare (Hicks, 2011). An option for the enhancement of improved implementations on the subject of corporate welfare is demonstrated in the articles which reviewed the problem of agricultural producers receiving subsidies in order not to grow crops in the article: “Farm Program pays $1.3 billion to people who don’t farm” (Morgan et al., 2006).

This type of media presentation provides options to the public policy challenge which is being reviewed. The alternative models are presented and this activity of open forum stimulates the formulation of a final policy which is to be made by decision makers. Examples of public policies which have reached the implementation stage are the TANF which is an acronym for the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Act. This legislation which had been ratified by the House of Representatives, Congress and the White House provides amplified access to employment, the provision of making work a profitable endeavor for all Americans, reinforcing family structures, augmenting the resources of affordable residences for those of modest means and addressing the rehabilitation of concentrated zones which have conventionally been impoverished (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014).

Some of the other analyses which have been reviewed are the impact of the Walmart retail chain stores on the different aspects of the United States’ economy. The commercial and employment practices of Walmart have been reviewed and publicly analyzed (Bianchi & Swinney, 2004). The commercial and employment policy of Walmart is the cause of continued debate with regards to the benefits of large retail chain establishments in large cities such as Chicago.

Conclusion

The parties who are involved in establishing public policy are: the members of the general public who must voice their opinions on the issues which are the focus of the public policy, Legislative, Judicial and Executive branches of government. These are the responsible parties for establishing public policy.

Two

What the federal government should and can do about these issues is to stimulate increased public review of the problem. This can be achieved by raising public awareness and by conducting effective social research. Surveys and questionnaires are excellent methods of conducting social research by gauging the public opinion. The surveys can review the public opinion with respect to the public policy problem, the parties which are involved and the aspects which facilitate the formation of public policy initiatives which are derived from the problem.  The application of social research enables the federal government to direct its resources toward gauging the aspects of the problem which concern the members of the general public, to identify the parties which are involved and the direct the attention of the congressional and house representatives toward finding viable solutions to the problem with regards to establishing public policy (Bruggemann, 2013).

The surveys and questionnaires which compose the social research are restricted in their scope by the depth of information which can be obtained. The aspect of social research by the federal government facilitates the narrowing down of the issues which cause the problems by requesting that the respondents deconstruct the general public policy problem into specific areas of concern. The conducting of social research by the federal government can also establish public policy preferences. Examples of where public policy surveys were most likely conducted with regards to the formation of effective public policy are in the TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Act). The aspect of addressing the concentrated elements of poverty in the areas of the United States has the requisite of extensive social research. This social research and effective direction which is the consequence of the social research enabled the effective direction of the resources of the federal government in the impoverished areas and the establishment of Promiseneighborhood initiatives which were similar in scope to the Promise neighborhood initiative which had been established in Harlem, U.S.A (U.S. Department of Education, 2014).

Other resources which should and can be applied by the federal government in the establishment of public policy initiatives are the application of logical problem resolution techniques. In this manner, the benefits and the disadvantages of a public policy implementation can be computed with regards to the value derived from a specific decision. In the computation of benefit to cost proportions, the ratio of the averaged benefit can be compared to the average cost (Bruggemann, 2013; Sapru, 2010).

Conclusion

The production of these social research strategies would enable the federal government to best direct the attention and resources of the congressional and house representatives. The application of creating public policy strategies which are derived from the problem is an effective implement which should and can be applied by the federal government toward the resolution of public policy challenges, the identification of the parties which are involved and the formation of effective public policy.

References

Bianchi, D. & Swinney, D. (2004). Walmart: A destructive force for Chicago communities and companies. Center for Labor and Community Research.

Bruggemann, W. (2013). The practice of macro social work. USA: Cengage Learning.

Cortner, R.C. (1964). The Wagner Act cases. USA: University of Tennessee Press.

Hicks, J. (2011). Ron Paul on earmarks and corporate welfare. Washington Post, 30 December 2011.

Michigan State University (2014). The Flint sit- down strike. Historical Voices.

Morgan, D., Gaul, G. M., & Cohen, S. (2006). Farm program pays $1.3 billion to people who don’t farm. Washington Post, 2 July 2006.

Sapru, R.K. (2010). Public policy: art and craft of policy analysis. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private ltd.

U.S.  Department of Education (2014). Promise neighborhoods. U.S. Department of Education.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014). Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services