Bacterial Pathogenesis, Essay Example

The four levels of prevention of an emerging infectious disease are the maintenance of a sanitary water supply, application of molecular biological knowledge and state of the art epidemiological controls. Modifications in human behavioral perspective and a nation- wide approach to educating the populations which are at risk. The prevention plan for the spread of emerging infectious disease will require a plan and comprehensive visions which will motivate action from the national health care authorities around the world. Emerging infectious diseases continue to pose problems for national health care infrastructures all over the world. The emergence of infectious disease continues to be an aspect which puts the national health care services of all countries to the test, in addition to menacing the economic and health care infrastructure(WHO, 2005).

Effective designs must be implemented in order to deter the destructive capacity of emerging infectious disease.The four main points of my plan would include education.  Awareness and education are essential to monitoring human behaviors which place populations at risk. This implementation includes the maintenance of clean uncontaminated water supplies. Awareness and education are key factors in complying with the regulations established by the global health authorities(WHO, 2005).

Education is important for reinforcing the national health care infrastructures of all of the nations in the world. Communication is also important.  I would monitor compliance with these aspects by conducting regular surveys of segments of the population who are at risk. Prevention of the spread of an emerging infectious disease is much more cost avoidant than the provision of remedies once the outbreak of the emerging infectious disease has reached epidemic proportions (WHO, 2005).

The mucous layer and glycolyx are not only responsible for the secretion of mucous. They are responsible for the secretion of lysozymes. Lysozymes are a chemical which causes a disruption in the cellular wall of infectious organisms which are gram assertive. The evaporation of the mucous on the dermal surfaces modifies the osmotic characteristics of the mucosal tissue and restricts the development of organisms which are not adapted to change in the altered osmotic condition of the mucosal tissue(Ramos et al., 2004)..

The flagella are contributorsto the virulent aspects of the spreads of pathogenic bacteria. This is performed by means of chemotaxis. The process of invasion and adhesion to the mucosal surfaces occurs by chemotaxis. Flagellin is the infrastructure protein which conceives the majority of the filament5s in the flagella. Consequently, flagellin is composed of protected domains which extend to the species of bacteria that are committed to polymerization. On the other hand, the immunological systems of mammals are able to discover the protected domain of the monomers which pertain to the flagella. This is achieved by the receptors which have a toll quality (TLR %). These receptors activate the adaptive immunological reaction (Ramos et al., 2004).

The microbial floras of the human body arefound in the intestinal system. This is an intricate ecological system to which metagenomics can be applied.  Metagenomics is the field of bio molecular study which is applied in the examination of micro flora that resides in the human intestinal systems. The genetic substances are reviewed by the application of microbiology and metagenomics in order to classify the distinct species of micro flora(Furrie, 2006).

The gene which is identified as rDNA possesses areas of concurrencethat are similar for all categories of bacteria. In these areas of variation, there are minute zones of hyper variability that may be unique to the distinct strains within a micro flora species. Consequently, the species represented in the rDNA can be applied to classify the distinct strains within an intricate micro floral community by the application of array technological implements(Furrie, 2006).

There is a possibility of researcher bias in the approach which applies molecular and biological analysis. The distinct bacteria are somewhat vulnerable to lyssis and the organisms which are gram assertive possess a greater resistance.Consequently, the extraction of the DNA must possess the capacity of formulating a comprehensive database.  The second origin of researcher bias can occur during the handling of the genetic substances which are applied as samples for the database. Each of the segments of the DNA requires the ability of beingplaced into the vector with the equivalent facility. This should be accomplished in order to provide a database manifestation of the genuine genetic material. As the database is being compiled every solitary clone must be evaluated by the application of DNA probes(Furrie, 2006).

The dimensions of the sample would be all of the variations of DNA which are found in fecal material. Two molecular choices may be presented. These choices are the implantation of fluorescent assessment or evaluation by a qPCR (quantitatively realistic time polymerase chain reactions). These approaches have the requisite of the recognition of the DNA sequencing of the targeted organism. These aspects may be used as controls in the micro floral classification metagenomic experiment (Furrie, 2006).

The usefulness of the HpSa (Helicobacter pyroli serology) has been assessed in the research conducted by She et al. (20090. In the experimentwhich had been conducted by She et al. (2009), four thousand seven hundred and twenty two samples were evaluated in accordance with the fecal antigen detection processes. There had been significant distinctions in the production of sensitivity and specificity of the IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in the adult and child fecal samples (She et al., 2009).

The causal attributes of gastrointestinal dysfunction in adults and children are the presence of HpSA (Helicobacter pyroli serology). The research which had been conducted by She et al. (2009) demonstrated substantial distinction in the performance of the IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins (She et al., 2009). In the ROC curves which had been applied using HpSa for the analysis of the IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies, no substantial distinctions were found between female and male respondents. The area under the ROC curve for the Igg samples for the IgG was slightly more elevatedthan the area under the ROC curve for the IgA antibody and the IgM antibody tests. The values which had been received using the r² coefficient of correlation were (0.802, 0.698 and 0.615, respectively). . This analysis had been performed with an examination where the correlation squared values (r²) were obtained by using a p<0.01 value (She et al., 2009).

The samples from the respondents who received the HpSA (Helicobacter pyroli serology) and possessed an IgM antibody manifested a decreased sensitivity (6.8%) with an elevated aspect of specificity (95.8%). The samples from the respondents of the children’s fecal samples which was exposed to HpSA and manifested possession of the IgA antibody, demonstrated a more elevated aspect of specificity  with the samples which had been derived from the adults (95.85%) in comparison to the samples which were derived from the children ( 48.18%). The samples from the child and adults respondents who possess the IgG antibody whose fecal samples had been exposed to the HpSA manifested the most elevated levels of specificity ( (61.0%) and sensitivity (87.6%)(She et al., 2009).

The two aspects of immunity which are shared between the invertebrate and vertebratehosts are the following;

The immunoglobulins which are designated antibodies. These antibodies are the proteins which perform the functions of receptors in the vertebrate and invertebrate immunological systems. These cells possess a form which is similar to the letter “y’. The prongs of the ‘y’ shaped cell acknowledge the molecules which are designated as antigens. The encoding genes of the immunoglobulins consist of four fundamental types of segments. These segments are the © constant, (J) joining, (D) diversity and (V) categories. The vertebrates are distinct from the invertebrates in the aspect of possessing hundreds of distinct copies of the genetic segments designated as (J), (D) and (V) components. In the recombination process which is designated as V (D) J, distinct copies of these components are spliced into one another. The results are multiple billions of distinct antibody receptors. The majority of the antibody receptors will not acknowledge a specific pathogen. Certain V (D) J recombination has the capacity of recognizing completely new pathogens (Belov et al. et al., 2006).

Transposons- These are the genetic components which are designated as the leaping gene. The proteins are encoded by the transposons. The DNA protein acquired the ability of acknowledging certain signals which are in the DNA which has been subjected to the transposon. This aspect enables the extraction of the transposon exposed DNA and the ability of transporting the DNA which has been exposed to the transposon to another location. There are a variety of categories of transposons which possessvarying aspects of correlation. The transposons are found in vertebrates and invertebrates (Belov et al., 2006).

The mutations have the ability of rupturing the transposons. The outcomes are transposons which are fossilized and considered to be non-useful DNA. In the human genomic structure, there is a 3% composition of the useless DNA which consists of the remnant DBNA transposons. Approximately 50% of the human genome is constructed of diverse categories of DNA which have been repetitively copies from generation to generation (Cooper & Alder, 2006).

The gene which is recombining is designated RAG. There is a gene which encodes the RAG protein. The proteins which are RAG encoded possess the capacity of acknowledging certain DNA combinations at two positions on the DNA kink. These two positions are designated as RSS (recombining spiraling sequences). These positions enable the segment to join. As a result, the DNA is snipped at these two locations. The enzymes which function to repair the DNA cause the two segments to join. The invertebrates do not possess the RAG- 2, RAG- 1and two RAG (Cooper & Alder, 2006).

References

Belov, K., Deakin, J. E., Pappenfuss, A. T., Baker, M. L. Melman, S. D.,…, & Miller, R. D. (2006). Reconstructing and ancestral mammalian immune supercomplex from a marsupial histerocompatability. PLoS Biology, 4(3): e46.

Cooper, M. D. & Alder, M. N. (2006). The evolution of adaptive immune systems. Cell, 124(4): 815- 822.

Furrie, E. (2006). A molecular revolution in the study of intestinal microflora. Gut., 55(2): 141- 143.

Ramos, H. C., Rumbo, M. & Sirard, J.-C. (2004). Bacterial Flagellis: Mediators of pathogenicity and host immune response in mucosa. Trends Microbiol. 12(11): 509-517.

She, R. CF., Wilson, A. R., & Litwin, C. M. (2009). Evaluation of Helicobacter pyroli immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA and IgM serologic testing compared to stool antigen   testing. Clinical and Vaccine Immunological, 18(8): 1253- 1255.

WHO (2005). Combating infectious disease in the South East Asia region. New Delhi: World Health Organization.