Community Health Questions, Essay Example

Epidemiology is a branch of science dealing with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases and any other factor relating to health. Purpose of epidemiology is to make changes that improve health and decrease risk. It also helps in understanding cause and burden of health problems. Analytical epidemiology is the study of diseases distributed in non-random fashion while descriptive epidemiology is the summary of conditions based on place time and the person. Vital statistics is registering marriages, births, deaths, and change of names hat occur in a certain area. Vital statistics is collected using sample surveys, questionnaires, and censuses. Incidence is the occurrence and rate of a crime, disease or anything undesirable.

Prevalence is the certain number of individuals in a population having a disease or signs. Morbidity is diseased symptom or state. Mortality is a state of being a subject to death. Attack rate is biostatistical measure of frequency of morbidity in a population at risk. Epidemic rate is an increase in the frequency of occurrence of a disease or illness in a population above expected level in a particular period. Endemic rate is the usual occurrence of certain events within a population. Pandemic rate is the spread of epidemic infectious disease in a large area. Measures to assess health of a community are; causes of death, the death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality, and premature death. Leading causes of death is an important indicator because it gives the cause of death. Communicable disease can be transmitted to other people while chronic is a condition lasting for long by being controlled, but not cured. The determinants of health are; income, education, personal characteristics and behaviors, social, physical, and economic environment. Overcharging goals of HP2020 reduce the death of infants, children, young adults, and reduce maternal problems. Overcharging goals of urban health issues are to improve health system outcomes, reduce health inequities, and influence social determinants of health. Basic methodology of public health is statistical methods, epidemiology, and other inquiry methods like qualitative research.

Public health evidence-based is the process of developing, implementing, and evaluating the effective policies and programs of public health. Public health is population medicine means that if the population observes and practice public health, diseases will not infect them. Primary public health is improving quality of life and health by preventing and treating diseases. Secondary intervention happens after serious risk factors or illness has been diagnosed. For example, recommending regular screen tests exams. Tertiary intervention is helping people to manage long-term or complicated health problems such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Urban environment has changed because many people have moved to urban areas leading congestion and creation dirty sewage causing poor health conditions. Active transportation is any form of human-powered transportation like cycling, walking and skateboarding.

Mixed-use community is developing towns and neighborhoods with walk able streets that provide accessibility to amenities and services like shops, schools, parks and libraries. US guideline on physical activity is children should have 60 minutes or more to exercise, adults 150minutes per week, aerobic activities like ballroom dancing, biking slowly, walking briskly, and canoeing. USDA dietary guidelines are consuming fewer calories, informed food choices, and being physically fit to maintain and attain health weight. Vitamin was derived from vitamine, which is a combination of vital and amine made by Funk Casimir meaning a mine of life. The five main food groups are fruits, grains, vegetables, protein foods, and dairy. Macronutrients are proteins, fats, amino acids, carbohydrates, and essential fatty acids. Energy nutrients are food components serving as sources of energy for metabolic functions in the body. Essential nutrients are those, which are not synthesized in the body, but supplied in the diet like protein, vitamin, fat, water, minerals, and carbohydrates. Non-essential nutrients are those that can be made by the body. Examples are dietary fiber and non-essential amino acids. Diet rich in fiber and carb helps to control blood sugar, decreases stroke, and weight loss management.  Food rich in phytochemical reduces the risk of cancer and protection against diseases. Physical activity helps to reduce risks of cancer, strengthen muscles, control weight, and reduce risks of cardiovascular diseases.

Obesity is an environmental disease means that it is caused by environmental conditions as well as implicated genes. Efforts are done in NYC to assess interactions between environment and genes in the obesity epidemic. Chronic inflammation is that of prolonged duration from weeks to years where continuing inflammation, healing, and tissue injury proceed simultaneously. Food security is a condition of ensuring there is continuous availability of food. NYC administers many programs for those who require funds to establish groceries, fresh food and stores to produce food in the neighborhoods. NYC creates awareness of the available programs to promote program participation. Chronic disease prevention in NYC is addressed by acquiring indicators to track priority areas, health data, which can be downloaded on the indicators, presenting health indicator reports, and monitoring health statistics and data.