Effects of Poverty on Educational and Life Experiences, Research Paper Example

Child poverty is the phenomenon referring to children who live in poverty. In the United States, this applies to orphans in the care of persons with limited or no state resources as well as children who come from poor families. A poor family is defined as one whose pretax money income falls below the poverty threshold issued every year by the Census Bureau. This research proposal addresses an issue that would rather not be considered as a problem in the U.S. The fact that the U.S. is a developed economy and a world superpower veils the plight facing children especially in housing projects and various immigrant communities across the States.

Statistics derived from the Census Bureau and the National Poverty Center (NPC); indicate that one in every five children in the U.S. lives in poverty. This translates to twenty percent of the nation’s future lacking a platform to contribute optimally to the progress of the land. Child poverty is accompanied by such ills as high rates of school drop outs, high crime rates, teenage pregnancies, as well as shorter life spans due to inadequate medical care. These effects are further perpetuated with the children they get forming a vicious cycle. This research proposal addresses the problem of child poverty with a view to explore the effects it has on education of affected children. The other objective is closely related and touches on later outcomes in the lives of children who have lived in poverty when they get to young adulthood. It is for sure that the uneducated poor child will develop into an unlearned adult unable to make wise decisions such as family planning and education for their children. Lastly, resources hinder the education of poor children and denying them an opportunity to acquire wealth perpetuating the poverty cycle.

Problem statement

Children growing up in poverty have negative attributes in their adulthood a trend that should be reversed. Notably, the consequences of children growing up in poverty include the continuance of the poverty cycle (Mattingly and Johnson et al., 2011). This cycle can be best described by the concept of intergenerational poverty where one family passes its poor living conditions from one generation to the other. This concept of intergenerational poverty has negative consequences on the development of a society and the progression of social evils. Poverty is a major cause of different social problems such as crime, a trend that is worsened when children grow up in poverty and lack the opportunity of advancing their careers. This forces them to engage in different activities detriment to a society’s values. Children, just as all human beings are entitled to enjoy the benefits stipulated in globally accepted human rights that include the right to shelter, education, clothing, and food. Children hold equal potential and require a level field of exploiting their talents for the success of the nation (Lindsey, 2009).

Rationale for the study

This study has been informed by various factors including the consensus across the globe on the need for poverty eradication. Poverty is one of the negative aspects attributed to the lack of social balance and slower economic growth of different nations as well as the globe. The eradication of poverty can be implemented using different approaches and this study provides one of the best alternatives. The study is directed to policy makers, nongovernmental organizations as well as the civil society (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997). It is the prerogative of different stakeholders to ensure that universal goals such as education and health are achieved, but at the same time, it is important to know and understand the conditions faced by different children within the society and educational institutions. Children living in poverty are faced by difficulties in pursuing their education alongside other social interactions and these may deter their progress and actualization of their potentials (Minijun and Delamonica et al., 2005). Children are the future drivers of economic growth and provide room for a worthy investment. Governments should formulate policies and strategies to be implemented with other stakeholders to ensure all children are accorded similar opportunities to exploit their potential (Vleminckx and Smeeding, 2001). Notably, the lack of arresting the situation at an early stage breeds adults who perpetuate the poor living conditions increasing the burden on a society and thus effectively having a negative impact on the economy.

Statement of the research

The purpose and objectives of this study is to ensure that government and other stakeholders take up an active role in the reduction and elimination of cases of children living in poverty across the globe. The study is aimed at identifying the possible solutions that can be included in the policy formulation stage in the eradication of poverty. It aims to understand the consequences of children and young people growing up in poverty in their adult life (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997). It aims at connecting and linking poverty to the growth of children into poor adults adding to the dependency ratio of a country. The study shall determine the relationship between children growing up in poverty and the increased levels of poverty across the globe (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997). At the same time, the study shall also identify the connection between increased and sustained social evils to children and young people living in poverty. The study is focused towards the reduction and elimination of children growing up in poverty through the creation of sustainable economic activities for the parents of the affected children (Minijun and Delamonica et al., 2005). The study sensitizes the society and other stakeholders to take up an active role in the identification process of children and the young people who live in poverty. Identification is an important step in the formulation of effective strategies to empower poor families in economic and social terms.

Hypothesis

The study proposes to eradicate poverty amongst children living in poverty in the US. This is expected to improve their living conditions as well as aid in actuating their potential. Elimination or a reduction in the number of children living in poverty will lead to an improvement in the economic condition of the nation due to the increase in input from the affected area. The reduction of children living in poverty will lead to an increase in the standards of education within the affected places in the US. This will increase the level of expertise and skilled labor within the market and thus have a positive effect on the aggregate economy. Addressing the issue of children living in poverty will have the long-term effects of reducing the social evils within different communities in the United States of America. If the federal government implements a policy on the eradication of poverty amongst children and young people, then the nation will benefit from reduction in poverty, dependency ratio, increased educational achievements, and a decrease in social evils.

Definition of terms

Poverty- it can be defined as the scarcity or a state of lack of certain material possessions necessary for the actualization of dreams as well as management of day-to-day expenses.

A child living in poverty- it is a phenomenon that is attributed to the children from poor families and orphans, conditions linked to limited or absence of sufficient resources

Summary

Children are entitled and have the rights of accessing a standard living, which makes it possible for them to live healthy lives devoid of hardships. The living standards are expected to provide an enabling environment for children to activate their full potential while at the same time having the capacity to participate fully within the society. Children should be accorded a level playing field for actuating their dreams. A child living in poverty is a phenomenon that is attributed to the children from poor families and orphans, conditions linked to limited or absence of sufficient resources (Mattingly and Johnson et al., 2011). Every country has a set standard of living defined by the poverty index and a baseline, which acts as a guide for distinguishing poverty and acceptable living standards. The global poverty line has been established as the people who live and earn below a dollar a day. However, living on two dollars a day and below is considered as living in poverty. It is essential that children grow up in an enabling environment in which they can access food, shelter, clothing, education, and healthcare. The deprivation of a basic need is detrimental to the growth and development of children physically and psychologically. Children living in poverty can be classified into two broad categories that include children from families with working parents and the children from families where the parents are unemployed (Vleminckx and Smeeding, 2001).

Poverty amongst working parents can be attributed to low wages and different unstable working environments. These situations leave such families at a precarious situation of living devoid sufficient money to cater for all their basic needs (Lindsey, 2009). Poverty is determining factor that can impede the learning ability of a child while at the same time contributing to the emotional, behavioral, and social problems. Poor mental  and physical health have a great bearing on the direction a child’s life  takes and this has lasting implications in their adulthood leading to a concept referred to as intergenerational poverty (Vleminckx and Smeeding, 2001). Intergenerational poverty is a condition of the transmission of poverty from one generation to another amongst specified families. It is necessary for different agencies and government organizations to step up measures aimed at the reduction and eradication of poverty (Mattingly and Johnson et al., 2011). Such measures should be all-inclusive and accommodate the needs of children living in poverty as the future drivers of a nation’s and global economy.

Literature Review

According to Minijun, Delamonica, Gonzalez, and Davidziuk (2005), the similar areas of study that lead up to the current research include the fact that all or most of the children living in communities, which are highly impacted by poverty find it difficult to adjust into the roles of nation building and the education sector. This is occasioned by the negative social and economic impacts of hopeless poverty. According to Minijun et.al (2005), education for many children, living in the poverty stricken areas is not a priority especially with the increase in inequality regarding education policies that are not favorable to the poor. The situation is accentuated by the rising poverty in most countries especially within the African countries. Another similar area of study is the effects that poverty has on the culture and outcome of youth that have been brought up in the difficult conditions without any book knowledge or worldview that comes from studying. These include but are not limited to crime, drugs, prostitution, and high prevalence of HIV and AIDS.

According to Minijun et.al (2005), the current situation in most poverty-stricken countries is getting from worse to worst. With population growth reaching unprecedented highs, there is strain placed on resources, which continue to be depleted without being replenished. Minijun et.al (2005) concur that current policy frameworks need thorough reviewing in order to cater for this multi-facet problem of poverty which is linked to negative life experiences (social ills) and the global HIV and AIDS scourge with children being worst hit.

This literature focuses on negative impacts of poverty and is necessary in developing the case for this study, which focuses on effects of poverty on educational and life experiences of children and young people.

According to Lindsey (2009), areas in her research that lead up to current study include the measures that determine the socioeconomic status, which is characterized by massive inequality. Poverty or riches are measured and determined by the extent of control on available resources, which are few and scarce. Inequality in distribution of economic resources, according to her is the cause of abject poverty for a section of society that accounts for the larger part. Lindsey (2009) asserts that the level of wealth and assets for a household are very important in determining the outcomes for children in their academics as well as their youth and adult life. According to Lindsey (2009), poverty is a vicious cycle. It affects parents and in turn, their children with this cycle repeating itself repeatedly again trough concurrent generations. Therefore, poverty hampers the improvement of children’s chances in life as opposed to those who live in better or wealthy conditions.

According to Lindsey (2009), the status on this topic shows that the disparity between the poor and the rich is nowhere near being resolved. With most economic systems in the world leaning towards capitalism, the rich is getting richer and the poor getting poorer. Current research shows that there is profound relationship between childhood conditions and long-term outcomes in adulthood. The current statistics indicate that young adults raised in wealthy homes are more likely to exhibit positive outcomes such as graduation from high school and enrolling into college, as opposed to their counterparts whose dropout rate is alarming.

Lindsey (2009) attributes poverty to such inconsistencies in education among the poor. Lindsey (2009) links the inequality in distribution of wealth (resources) to the differences in educational and life experiences of children and young people (those living in poverty and those brought up in riches).

According to Mattingly, Johnson, and Schaefer (2011), similar areas of study that lead up to the current research include demographic studies (analysis) which have established that there are high populations of children in the poorest of places. This study shows that children are increasingly living where poverty continues to persist. Mattingly et.al (2011) asserts that this persistent high poverty affects children more than population in general. According to Mattingly et.al (2011), there is a disproportionate likelihood of rural areas having high child poverty. The rural lifestyle does not demand much and education for children is a preserve of a few. According to Mattingly et.al (2011), persistent child poverty shapes and forms life experiences in young adults who in turn form the adult population.

According to Mattingly et.al (2011), the main reason for such widespread concern associated with child poverty stems from the fact that it has a tendency of recurring in the same places. The effects of this child poverty as stipulated in the report by Mattingly et.al (2011) ranges from lack of proper education and most likely, none at all, to child labor and misdemeanor behavior from hardships faced in life. According to Mattingly et.al (2011), status on the topic shows that between the years 1985 and 2009 more than twice the countries experienced this persistent child poverty than the number before this period. Status on the topic also shows that recent recession has greatly contributed to the increase in child poverty.

The literature reviewed according to Mattingly et.al (2011), goes on to identify the countries in which child poverty has persisted, describing their distribution geographically and identifying their characteristics. The characteristics given in the study by Mattingly et.al (2011) show the effects of child poverty their educational and life experiences.

According to Brooks-Gunn, and Duncan (2007), the similar areas of study that lead up to the current research include their research on how poverty affects children and their future outcome. Brooks-Gunn & Duncan (2007) measure the effects of the duration, timing, and depth of poverty on children. They also explore other characteristics of the family and their relation to poverty as well as child outcomes. The article by Brooks-Gunn & Duncan (2007) places deeper focus on recent sets of studies, which explore the correlation that exists between the variables, poverty, and child outcomes. Poverty according to Brooks-Gunn & Duncan (2007) is the scarcity or lack of certain material possessions that are necessary for the actualization of dreams as well as management of day-to-day expenses.

Brooks-Gunn & Duncan (2007) concur with this research by their findings which assert that family income though selectively, has quite some substantial effects on the well-being of children and adolescents (young adults). Family income seems to have stronger relation to ability of children as well as their achievement as opposed to their emotional outcomes. Worst outcomes are evident in the children living in extreme poverty for longer periods. These outcomes are negative and include such social ills as prostitution and crime.

According to Brooks-Gunn & Duncan (2007), currently, poverty is on the rise in most parts of the world with more and more households struggling to meet their basic needs (food, clothing, and shelter) due to lack of enough income. In order to survive, the current trend in these poor households is to forego education and comfort. The literature reviewed in Brooks-Gunn & Duncan (2007) shows that there is a definite relationship between family income and levels of poverty and the interrelation of these variables to educational and life experiences of children and young people.

According to Vleminckx, and Smeeding (2001), the similar areas of study that lead up to the current research involve examining child well-being, child poverty, and child policy in modern nations. These are important topics and areas of examination that aid in establishing the effects of poverty on educational and life experiences of children and young adults. Vleminckx & Smeeding (2001) discuss the various concepts of child poverty and alternative definitions of children living in poverty. They also discuss the measurement efforts regarding child poverty, child well-being and child policy. Vleminckx & Smeeding (2001) are keen to emphasize on the need for countries and international organizations to move beyond child welfare as the basis of their concern for children to considering the well-being of children. In doing this, attention is paid to income transfers, educational and healthcare programs, employment policies friendly to families in order to alleviate poverty, as well as benefits and services for children that will aid in bettering their life experiences.

Vleminckx & Smeeding (2001) assert that currently the goals of child well-being are not yet achieved in many poverty-stricken nations and areas. They further assert that the current need is for those in leadership to formulate policies that will aid in realization of child well-being. This literature by Vleminckx & Smeeding (2001) helps to shed more light on the problems and effects of poverty on all issues affecting children living poverty, which include educational and life experiences.

Implications and Limitations

Review conclusions form part of the study in looking at the implications and limitations of a study in order to help the beneficiaries of the study to make well-informed judgment on the issues facing children and young adults in the future. The goal of this convergent study was to use the largest sample possible from the population in order to give a true picture of the issue of child poverty and income inequality in order to address the effects of poverty on education as well as life experiences of children and young adults in totality. The implications of the proposed sample on child poverty where three thousand counties across the United States will be used are that we will be drawing upon current research investigations in determining the strength of the case presented. The newly proposed research takes a much wider consideration in terms of population and the sample will be adequately representative. Therefore, the kind of lessons and conclusions drawn from this sample will be more specific and can add to the body of knowledge on research concerning child poverty in the United States of America.

The first sample taken for the proposed research is indicative of a true representation of the population implying accuracy of findings since it considers three thousand counties out of a possible three thousand one hundred and forty counties, which is more than ninety-five percent of possible population makeup. This sample of counties is however limited in taking into account two States completely now and in future as, Alaska’s division is in boroughs while Louisiana into parishes. Therefore, in future there needs to be clear definition of boroughs and parishes to see if they fit the bill to be considered as counties in order to be included in the sample. The other limitation would be covering the volume of data involved given that research is time bound thus not all the sample items will be analyzed in depth. Another limitation regarding the newly proposed research is that it may tend to lack scientific rigor and may provide little basis for generalization. Despite the numerous limitations facing the proposed research, I tend to think that proper presentation of the samples and measurement of the numerous variables will present a strong enough case that can set precedence for future research. I hope that the new research proposal will get the proper accreditation for it to be valid even in the future as a reference point. What I am implying is that this is a valid instrument, which is well able to measure the desired variables.

In the second sample for the proposed research on child poverty in the US, the implication being made is that the sample of seven hundred participants is not enough to represent the proposed population of ten thousand. I tend to think that looking at the empirical evidence collected for the proposed research, the sample makes sense since the population cuts across America, and there are different criteria used in stratifying the sample in order to achieve the closest true representative sample. The implications being made in having respondents truthfully answer the questionnaire include, the standard structuring of questions across board for uniformity. Each structured questionnaire is broken into parts that will require statements, which will capture the information applicable to this convergent research proposal (since it is a collection of views to formulate the newly proposed research).

The limitations of the newly proposed research include the relevance of applying some of the former findings in the current study, as well as extent to which scientific methods can be used is curtailed by use of the large representative samples. It is important to note that demographic parameters (number of people, economic status, or health) change over time, which can be a hindrance to accuracy and sense, obtained from prior works of research, which can compromise our current research. However, in this new research proposal, this concern is addressed through respondent validation, use of theoretical sampling, as well as transparency all through the process of research.

Method/Research Procedure/Methodology:

The method of doing research for the proposal will be the case study method or case report which is an explanatory, or exploratory, descriptive analysis of a group, person or event. Case study method will be necessary in analyzing the events that occasion child poverty, the persons pertinent to it, periods that affect outcome of these children, decisions, policies, projects, institutions, and other systems that influence it, which will be studied holistically using one or more methods. The case studies will find underlying principles by exploring causation and in most parts will be retrospective by establishing criteria for selection of cases, which are from historical records to be included in the study. Case study is an approach to research proposal positioned between data taking techniques, which are concrete, as well as methodology paradigms.

The case or subject of the study will be child poverty, which is an instance of class of phenomena in order to provide an analytical frame (object within the confines of the study). The analytical frame, which these case studies will explicate and illuminate, will be the effects of poverty on educational and life experiences of children and young people. These case studies will investigate the phenomenon of child poverty within its context (real-life). The case studies for this research proposal will involve quantitative evidence; rely on several sources of evidence, and benefits from previous developments of some theoretical propositions. The research on the single subject of child poverty will provide the statistical framework, which will be used to make inferences from the quantitative data of the case studies. This is a form of a critical case, which will have importance strategically when related to the problem in general and will allow for generalization.

Participants

For the research proposal, two case studies will be used. One will focus on child poverty and the other on assets, inequality, and the transition to adulthood. The participants in the child poverty case study will be drawn from three thousand counties across the United States with data provided at four points in the sample. The individual participants (families) will be drawn from places within the counties that have documented child poverty rates, which are greater than twenty percent in any of the given years of study. The study will involve stratified sampling. These participants will be divided into five types (strata) depending on county of origin. These will be marked as counties with persistent high child poverty, frequent high child poverty, intermittent high child poverty, infrequent high child poverty, and no high child poverty. From this population, a representative sample will be drawn by assigning numbers to each participant in every group and selecting randomly fifty families from each category. In the second case study, the participants will be seven hundred young adults drawn from a population of ten thousand young adults from all the states in the United States of America and categorized into four groups. The groups or strata are no income at all, low income, moderate/standard income, and high income. These will be created through dividing the sample at medians of income. A representative sample will be drawn from the population by putting together (correlating) families below the median income that is those without an income and those with low income and the other families above the median income that is the moderate and high income. In those categories, numbers will be assigned and chosen randomly from each half of the representative sample.

Research Desig

The research design to be used will be used immediately (has immediate application) thus will be applied research. The practical application of science involves a form of systematic inquiry. This research will access and use a part of what has been accumulated in the research community. Therefore, data will come from theories, methods, techniques, and knowledge in archives for the purpose of this research proposal linked with child poverty and young people. This applied research will attempt to solve the practical problems and employ general empirical methodologies.

Instrumentation and Data Collection Plans:

We will examine rates of child poverty using decennial data from the census carried out in the last three decades including the five-year estimates of the American Community Survey (ACS) carried out as from year 2005 to the year 2009. Demographic data for every one of the counties will be collected from the United States Bureau (USA County data files). This is for the first case study on child poverty. The process of collecting data from the USB will involve addressing access and identification, then interviewing the staff at the United States Bureau. This will involve use of multiple methods in order to satisfy accuracy and validity of the sample. As for the second case study, establishing information or data on income will involve a structured interview, which is a quantitative research method that will aid in the survey research. This will ensure that every interviewee is given the same questions and in a particular order. The reason for this is in order to aggregate answers reliably and make comparisons confidently between the sample subgroups. The seven hundred families will be mailed the questionnaires with mail back stamp duty catered for in order to ensure maximum response.

Proposed Analysis of the Data

By choosing to study the concentration of persistent poverty facing children in rural America, this research will demonstrate how child poverty affects all children from the rural to urban areas. The variables in this first case study are the number of people in every category of interest such as the unemployed, educated, and non-educated. These variables in determining child poverty are dependent variables while the counties are the independent variables. The decision-making will be done using multiple criteria (Spatial decision-making) by collapsing the multi-facet problem of child poverty and simplifying it into a single objective to be used for analysis in this case the effects of poverty on educational and life experiences of children and young people. The validity of the measurements used in this analysis intact from the source material. The validity of variables can be measured from the fact that counties provide data that is consistent historically.

For the second case study that is important in this research proposal, the variables used are the households’ level of income as the dependent variable and the different ages of the growth process as the independent variables. It is expected that young adults who lived in the homes with more total net worth during early childhood will be highly likely to have positive outcomes of interest. The study also aims to establish the disparity between the educational achievements and life experiences of the financially stable households and the poor households. The validity of these measurements can be accessed through the existing studies on the same topic and the outcomes evident in different households with varying incomes.

Time Schedule/Time Line

The proposed project entails finding out the effects of poverty on education and life experiences of children and young adults. The project is expected to take a maximum of eight weeks from the starting date to the final product or complete research proposal. This will be important in evaluating the feasibility of the project. This time schedule hypothetically maps out what is to be done and when it is to be done in the course of the research or project. The overall amount of time given for completion of the study has also been factored in and the following is just an overview of when each step will be carried out in order to collect the data.

The research will begin (hypothetically) on 6 January 2014 and end on 7 March 2014. The first stage will be drafting of the research proposal or piloting before the major research. This will take place in the first week. Next, the submission of the proposal to the supervisor for approval will follow, after which data collection will begin. The next stage will be screening interviews, which will entail going to the source of the case studies or the archives, the American Community Survey (ACS). Accumulatively, this will take close to four weeks then the main study, which will entail completion of data collection and completion of data analysis for approximately two weeks with objective to have as many respondents as possible reached. The time allocated for these two activities is that long due to the external constraints involved since the collection of data will be dependent on the respondent’s availability. Regular progress reports and updates will be provided to the supervisor and a final review of findings in the eighth week. The final report will also be drafted in the final week.

Personnel

The categories and types of assistance needed from others to conduct the proposed research will include policy makers such as the National Planning and Resource Management Committee in pushing for the results or findings of this research to be considered as credible for future planning purposes. Other personnel who are stakeholders in ensuring that universal goals such as education and health are achieved will be of importance to this study and they include nongovernmental organizations as well as the civil society. In the process of data collection, personnel (and not participants) will entail the librarians who will assist in carrying out book searches on topics related to child poverty. The attendants and a couple of staff members at the archives, the National Census Office, and the United States Bureau will also be very important personnel in the research process. Another category of personnel will be the support staff who will aid in verification of the information gathered and the advisory panel who will go through the research proposal. Finally yet importantly, the most assistance will come from my supervisor who will go through the research proposal and offer necessary guidance in submitting a final copy without unwarranted flaws.

Budget

The following will be the expenses that are proposed to be incurred during the research. This research will reimburse some, but not all the personnel. There will be inclusion or allowance for new costs that will be incurred incase funding for the project is available, as well as factoring in of ongoing expenses for the items that will be given allocation for the project. The budget estimates will play an important part in developing the proposal as well as discussing it with funders and believably so, will be useful in monitoring the project once started and also in reporting after the grant has been completed. This is an expense budget where are grouped into subcategories, which are selected in order to reflect all the areas of the expense, which are critical.

Resources Needed

For this project on the effects of poverty on educational outcomes affecting the lives of children and young adults, the resources needed will entail gadgets for computation and compilation of data. These include electronics such as computers and calculators. Some of them should be manual considering that power blackouts may happen unexpectedly. For research on such a vast topic, there is need for availability of Internet connection as one of the programs for basis of research. Gathering resources is a very rigorous activity especially in this case where it will entail making several trips to and from the offices of the American Community Survey (ACS), the main U.S. Census Bureau to the United States Bureau (United States of America county data files). There will also be the process of obtaining demographic data from every one of the counties. For such journeys, a means of transport has to be factored in, in the resources required or needed for the research. An automobile or any means of transport will make mobility between these points a bit easier.

Another resource needed is the research material itself. For the newly proposed research, the families involved as samples will have to be contacted occasioning need for transport and phone allowances. These will be necessary because not everything will be available on the Internet and as such, the actual surveys will supplement the number of resources available. The resources could also be primary or secondary, where primary resources entail firsthand materials like maps, diaries, graphs, interviews, charts, statistics, as well as other documents which are original. Secondary resources needed entail writings on primary sources or about extracted information from the primary sources in form of summaries and opinions. Other resources could include a library for gaining access to such resources as encyclopedias, which are specialized, and other referencing material. Other resources needed might include journals and newspapers.

Needed Assurances/Clearances

The institution should be responsible for implementation of a comprehensive and systematic program for the protection of human research. There should be assistance accorded from the department in reviewing the research at a supervisory level. The study should be designed in a manner that it meets very high scientific standards as well as protection of human subjects. There should be a mechanism in place to assure that research protocols, which concern humans, meet the rigorous scientific as well as human protection guidelines.

There should be clearance from the Department Chairperson to ensure scholarly or scientific validity. This will satisfy that the procedures of research are consistent with research design which is sound. The other assurance is that the research design is capable of yielding the knowledge expected to be provided in the protocol of the study. There is need as well to assure that the knowledge that will emanate from the research will be beneficial. These reviews may be conducted personally by the Chair or a member of faculty or any other review mechanism as the Chair may deem fit. The research should fully assure the reviewer that the background, methods, as well as aims of the study are perfectly and clearly outlined.

There will be necessary release of information from the United States Bureau on Census and demographic data concerning populations in the various counties. This is in line with the years and dates of study and such information as will be reprinted or used will have to be verified by the state officials in charge at the archives and or libraries. There is also the necessity of having the participants filling in a voluntary consent form to signify their permission to take part in a research involving human subjects and parameters.

Contacts and Questions

At this time, you may ask any questions you may have regarding this study. If you have questions later, you may contact XXX at 555-555-5555 [email protected], or his/her faculty supervisor, ZZZ at 555-555-5555 or [email protected].  Questions or concerns about institutional approval should be directed to Sharon Rivera, Chair of the Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects, 315-859-4223 or [email protected].

Statement of Consent

I have read the above information. I have asked any questions I had regarding the experimental procedure and they have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent to participate in this study.

References

Brooks-Gunn, J., and Duncan, G. (2007). The effects of poverty on children. The future of children, pp. 55–71

Lindsey, D. (2009). Child poverty and inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mattingly, M., Johnson, K. and Schaefer, A. (2011). More poor kids in more poor places: children increasingly live where poverty persists. Durham, NH: Carsey Institute, University of New Hampshire

Minijun, A., Delamonica, E., Gonzalez, E., and Davidziuk, A. (2005). Children living in poverty. Desk review papers for UNICEF. [report] New York City: UNICEF, pp. 1-55

Vleminckx, K. and Smeeding, T. (2001). Child well-being, child poverty and child policy in modern nations. Bristol, UK: Policy Press