Function and the Peripheral Nervous Systems, Research Paper Example

There are many elements that compose the functions of the nervous systems as they are integrated together to release the secretions and the nucleus cells throughout the body via the blood, organs, and muscles. As indicated, as the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environmental stimulation (VandenBos, 2007). Thus, the whole nervous systems of both central and peripheral nervous systems are important in order for the body to bring the ability to sense and move within our vision and pharyngeal muscles. Since, Carlson (2010) elaborated the CNS system. Central Nervous System does not contain any subdivision of controlling and regulating the sensory and motor information like the PNS does the controlling and regulating the sensory and motor system for both the brain and the spinal cord. Therefore, the central nervous system receives the information from the PNS in regards to the sensory and motor activities (Wingerd, B., 2006).

In the CNS, they contain nerve impulses that send signals to the cell body (axons and dendrites) to provide protection, nourishment, and support for nuclei cells (matters). Because, there are neuron components that require the CNS to function properly, for instance, neuron components are: the gray matter and white matter plus basal ganglia which is that they are responsible for motor coordination and steadiness (Wingerd, B., 2006). However, CNS is directed to communicate to the brain about the internal body that was released from the PNS, while the PNS is directed to communicate to the spinal cord about the activities occurred in the CNS and from the targeted area of the body (i.e., liver, kidney, heart).

In the PNS, two systems that have distinguished nerve impulses for 12 cranial nerves of somatic nervous system and 31 spinal cord nerves of autonomic nervous system (Carlson, 2010).

A sensory somatic system functions as the center to relay sensory information to the CNS of which it is a voluntary response from our consciousness of the external environment and relays motor signals from the CNS to operate the muscles of the body. Whereas, the autonomic system is an involuntary sensory system that relays sensory information about the internals of the body to the CNS and relays motor signals from the CNS to regulate the internal environment of the body (Carlson, 2010). Although, the similarities of CNS and PNS nervous systems of the brain are the location of the brain in the dorsal cortex region and both share the basal ganglia substances. The functions of transmission of sensory and motor signals are similar in methods; The behaviors of normal functions tend to respond the same way when the nervous systems separate up to the ascending and descending directions of carrying the nerve responses.

An injury to the dorsal cortex of the brain, either in the Central Nervous System or in the Peripheral Nervous System can cause neurological insult. And or, that an injury to the spinal cord of the PNS adjacent to the CNS which can cause paralysis condition as it may be a neurological insult as well. In that case, the neurological disorders are Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Most importantly, the left hemisphere of the brain that have the ability to send signals to the right hemisphere on sensory and motor movements is an advantage opportunity for TIA patients to therapy themselves to the recover the sensory and movement when a lesion in the right hemisphere of the brain has demoted its functionability. The symptoms (Lippincott, 2009) associated TIA are Paralysis of the contralateral foot and leg with accompanying footdrop, impaired motor and sensory functions, visual field cuts, poor coordination and numbness on the affected side (especially in the arm). Lippincott (et al., 2009) discussed on about the medical treatment for treating patients with TIA. He mentioned that physical rehabilitation, dietary, and drug regimens are common treatments. In particular, with the drug therapy, medication-intake plan including the anticoagulants (i.e., heparin, warfarin, and ticlopidine) to reduce the risk of thrombotic stroke. And if surgery is the preferred treatment then it would depends on the etiology and its complications including the severity of the symptoms and the degree of the deficiencies. A craniotomy may be done to remove a hematoma — A bypass atherosclerotic procedure. Another neurological disorder of concern that is continuing plague in individuals between 65 and older is the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). It is known that AD is a heritable abnormal mutant gene that links to PS1, PS2, or APP genes. Associated symptoms are mood swings, paranoid, hostility, and severe deterioration of memory, language, and motor functions. However, other than the known cause, there are no other reasons for the cause of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Per se Lippincott (et al., 2009) explained that there is no cure for the disease, nonetheless. However, it could be treated to reduce the chance of obtaining the AD. Drug therapy for one can be done by medical inhibitors such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. Which it is important for the memory to grow its capacity in the brain obtained from the acetylcholinergic chemical. Optionally, a possible vaccine treatment for AD is a undisclosed vaccine that may stimulate the immune system and reduce the beta-amyloid mutants. Finally, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is caused by a damaged neurological tissue that was affected by the dendrites of the myelin nucleus of the membrane in the brain. MS results from progressive demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, leading to widespread neurologic dysfunction, respectively (Lippincott, et al., 2009).

In addition, treating MS is not after all difficult to treat because there are drug options patients can choose from because MS is associated with the allergic and inflammatory symptoms and may be substitute for prednisone, corticotropin or dexamethasone medications. For increase supportive measures, so patients can resume a near-normal lifestyles. Patients with MS may obtain an acute exacerbation services that includes bed rest, massage, prevention of fatigue and pressure ulcers, bowel and bladder training.

References

Carlson, N (2010) Physiology of Behavior. Boston, MA; Allyn & Bacon

Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins (2009) Pathophysiology made Incredibly Easy!4^th ed. Ambler, PA; Wolters Kluwer Health

VandenBos, G. (2007) APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC; American Psychological Association.

Wingerd, B. (2006) Unlocking Medical Terminology. Upper Saddle River, NJ; Pearson Prentice Hall.