Nervous and Cardiovascular Systems, Research Paper Example

Nervous system is an organ system that contains network of cells known as neurons, which coordinate animal actions and transmit the signals between various parts of the body. Nervous system has two main parts which include peripheral and central nervous system. Central nervous system has the spinal cord and the brain. The peripheral nervous system has sensory neurons, nerves that connect to each other and to the central nervous system and also ganglia which is cluster of neurons.

Cardiovascular system usually consist of circulatory system that passes nutrients like amino acids, hormones, gases and blood cells across the body from and to the blood in helping fight the diseases, maintain pH, control body temperature so as to maintain the homeostasis. Cardiovascular system is the system which thus deals with blood distribution in the body. Cardiovascular and nervous system interact together to ensure that the cells remain refreshed and get the materials they need so as to ensure they play the roles they are supposed to, in ensuring their survival and that of the body. They are very important systems to consider when looking at the interactions of the body systems and very importantly the cells and the control from the nervous system (Eric & Robert, 2007).

Cardiovascular system consist blood vessels and the heart and respiratory system. It also consist of the respiratory system, generally, the cardiovascular system contain the organs which are accountable of carrying oxygen to the blood stream from air and at the same time expelling carbon dioxide from the cells. Heart is one of the major parts of the cardiovascular system that is found in all vertebrates. It is a muscular organ which is mainly used for pumping the blood throughout the body through the blood vessels in repeated and rhythmic contractions. The heart is usually composed of the cardiac system that is an involuntary muscle that is striated. A normal heart beats at a rate of 72 beats per minute and weighs around 250 to 300g for females while in case of males it weighs 300 to 350 g.

Human heart is usually enclosed in a sac that is double walled called pericardium. Fibrous pericardium is the superficial part of the heart. This sac protects the heart while preventing the heart getting overfilled with the blood. The heart has three layers which are very rich of blood vessels. They consist of the superficial layer also called visceral layer, middle layer or myocardium and third layer or endocardium. The heart has four chambers of which two are inferior ventricles and two others are superior atria. Atria are the receiving chambers of the blood while ventricles are the discharging chambers. The blood moves out of the heart through pulmonary circuit as well as systematic circuit. Blood under all circumstances flows the heart in one direction i.e. from atria to ventricles and then out through great arteries. This is usually facilitated through the use of four valves that are tricuspid atrioventicular valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, mitral atrio venticular valve and aortic semi lunar valve.

In the mammals, the right side of the heart main function is to collect the blood that is de-oxygenated in the right atrium, form body through inferior and superior vena cavae, and then pump it through the right ventricle into lungs. This enables dropping of carbon dioxide and getting of the oxygen or rather gas exchange. The process involved is diffusion. The left side of the heart is to collect the oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium. Then from left atrium, the blood moves to left ventricle where blood is pumped from the body via aorta. The lower left ventricle has thick muscle wall which is used in helping the heart to pump the blood through the systemic circulation of the body (Husain, 2003).

From the right atrium, the blood flows via tricuspid valve to right ventricle. From here, the blood is pumped out of the pulmonary semi lunar valve where it moves via pulmonary artery to lungs. Then it moves back via pulmonary vein to left atrium. Blood travels in arteries to smaller arterioles and finally to tiny capillaries that feeds each cell.

Nervous system is an organ with network of specialized cells called neurons; they coordinate animal or human being actions while transmitting signals between several parts of the body. Nervous system has two parts which are peripheral and central nervous system. The main parts of the central nervous system are spinal cord and the brain, while the main parts of the peripheral nervous system are nerves connecting each other to central nervous system, sensory neurons and ganglia or cluster of neurons (Cheryl, 2007).

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) usually goes beyond the central nervous system. Its main function is connecting the organs and the limbs. The peripheral nervous system is usually not covered by bones or other barriers like the case of central nervous system. It is left exposed to mechanical injuries and other toxins. Peripheral nervous system can be divided into two types which are neurons carrying nerve impulses from different directions. They include sensory neurons which are afferent neurons that relay the nerve impulses to the central nervous system and the motor neurons which are efferent neurons and relay nerve impulses away from central nervous system (Walter, 2001).

Peripheral nervous system is usually divided into somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Somatic nervous system is in charge for the coordination of the body movements as well as receiving the external stimuli. It also regulates those activities which are under the conscious control. The autonomic nervous system is then divided into sympathetic nervous system which responds to impending danger or even stress. It is usually the one responsible for increased heartbeat, blood pressure among others. The other system within autonomic nervous system is parasympathetic nervous system which is evident when one is resting. It is responsible for slowing the heart, constriction of pupil and blood vessels dilation.  The enteric nervous system is usually for managing every digestion aspect all the way from stomach to colon (Scott, 1999).

Both systems work together to ensure that there is body balance in all the activities. The endothelial cells maintain blood brain barrier. The baro receptors send the information to brain about the blood pressure while the cerebrospinal fluid is drained into venous supply of the blood. The blood at the same time regulates the blood pressure and the heart rate.

For the heart to know the exact amount of blood to send to the skin, the brain must detect the prevailing conditions before relaying this message to the heart through receptors. The rate at which the heart beats goes hand in hand with the information that is getting into the brain and then relayed into the brain. This automatically helps in maintain good and favorable condition of the body.

It is not possible to create or make a robot that duplicates the organ systems of the body in case of the systems above. It may not be possible to make a hearty or even put blood into a robot system. The reception of the robot in transmitting or relaying the information may be possible but cannot be possible in case of sending that information to the heart. The heart system is a natural process that cannot be made by any human being or incorporated into a robot.

References

Cheryl, J. (2007). Nervous System. Michigan: Black Rabbit Books.

Eric, J.H. & Robert, M.K. (2007). Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Husain F.N. (2003). A Biographical Sketch of the Discoverer of Pulmonary and Coronary Circulation. Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 1: 22–28.

Scott, C. (1999). Estrogen-central nervous system interactions in cardiovascular control and parturition. Florida: University of Florida.

Walter, G. (2001). The Nervous System. California: The Rosen Publishing Group.