Relationship of Orientation, Training, and Staff Development, Research Paper Example

Vroom – The Expectancy Theory of Motivation was developed by Victor Vroom and is based upon outcomes. The model as illustrated in Fig 1 shows that for a person to become motivated in their work , a number of important elements need to be linked. These elements are Effort, Performance and Motivation. These variables are termed ‘valance’ and vroom put forward the stance that each of these must be linked for the person to become truly motivated . He proposes three variables to account for this, which he calls Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality. (Borkowski, N. 2009)

Vroom defined Expectancy as the concept that increased effort will result in increased performance at work. Hence the more effort I put into the task the greater my productivity will be. This typically impacted by such items as : Available resources, the right skills for the job, the relevant managerial support for the job. Hence orientation in the job is linked to effort and training to that of improved performance which leads to motivation.

Herzberg – Fredrick Herzberg developed the two factors Motivation Hygiene Theory in order to examine an employee’s work environment and determine those factors that produce satisfaction or dissatisfaction. He published these findings in a book entitled ‘Motivation to Work’ (1959). The studies were based upon a number of conducted interviews. Herzberg called these satisfactions ‘motivators’ and the dissatisfaction ‘hygiene factors’. The implications for management, as resulting from Herzberg’s theory were:

• An employee should be challenged at work and have a sufficiently interesting job to remain motivated in it;
• Those employees that demonstrated the capacity or capability should be suitable rewarded and allowed to develop;
• Where that job cannot be designed to offer work satisfaction the consideration should be made towards automating it. Wherever an individual cannot be fully utilized there will be a motivation problem (Milner, J.B. 2005)

References

Borkowski, N. (2009). Organizational Behavior, Theory, and Design in Health Care. In N. Borkowski, Organizational Behavior, Theory, and Design in Health Care (pp. 127-131). London: Jones and Bartlett.

Milner, J. (2005). Organisational Behaviour: Essential theories of motivation & leadership. New York: M.E. Sharp.