Role of Non-Governmental Actors, Research Paper Example

Role of Non-Governmental Actors in Sino-American Relations since 1900s

Sino-American relations also refer to Chinese –United States international relationships. This essay describesthe role of non-governmental actors in influencing these relationships. Essentially, United States of America never established friendship or enemy status with China. However, their relationships have been described by political analysists such as Arthur Power Dudden (1993);Chas W. Freeman, Jr (1996es); Cornelia Woll (2007) and Priscilla Roberts (1993) to be very complicated (Author 2)

In 1949 after communist rule gained prominence in China United States Government did not readily accept the new political administration. By 1979 it was recognized, but did not maintain any diplomatic relations with this regime. Importantly, during the cold war era resulting in the Sino- Soviet split United States begin establishing more cordial relationships with China, but this was greatly influenced by non-governmental infiltration of the process. Currently, United States economy and china second to it. Besides, China has the largest population and United States of America the third ( Author 4).

The critical role of businesses, religious groups, educational institutions and media must be analyzed in assessing the influence of non-governmental organizations in shaping the present relationships exiting between China and United States in the twenty-first century. For example,American academics John K. Fairbank and Doak Barnett advocated for realistic communications between United States and with the Beijing government. At about that time same the National Committee on United States-China Relations sensitized the public regarding the importance of establishing cordial a Sino- American relationship (Author 4).

Consequently a new perspective of Communist China aligning with other Communist movements emerging in Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos was highlighted. It was concluded that a change in relationships could a mean greaterdistribution of global power to combat Soviet Union forces. Consequently, almost one billion consumers from the Mainland China’s marketappealed to American business to enter trade relationships with China.  As such, Senator William Fulbright, Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, conducted a number of hearings to review the issue (Author 3).

These events articulated the beginning of a positive relationship era between United States and China after centuries of animosity created by declarations of communist state in Mainland China; Korean war; Vietnam war and reproachment. Further non-governmental influences apart from education and lobbyist groups came from businesses, witnessing the development of the US Trade and Development Agency (TDA); Overseas Private Insurance Corporation (OPIC) and development Bank Lending/International Monetary Fund (IMF) Munitions List Exports and Arms Imports(Author 5).

The world’s most respected companies are found in China. Political analysts and historians attribute this phenomenon to the enhanced relationships between China and America and not merely their influence in shaping the relationship. For example, the thinking behind this topic exploring the extent to which education, commerce, and religion really had towards the transformation of Sino-American foreign relations along with the real motives behind their involvement in shaping US foreign relations, this author will begin with the commerce aspect of the transformation process (Arthur 4).

A recent Baron survey has revealed where Chinese companies in themselves do not attract institutional investors. However, American companies such as‘Apple AAPL +1.27%, Berkshire Hathaway , Boeing BA +0.54%, Google GOOGL +0.02%, Johnson & Johnson JNJ +0.48%, Disney, Amazon.com, and Visa ‘ (Mourdoukoutas 1)  top the list. The middle is also taken by American companies, even though a few European, Japanese, and Brazilian companieshsve been listed aslo.  In comparison just three Chinese companies, China Mobile, Tencent Holdings, and China Construction Bank (HKSE: 0939 HK) ‘(Mourdoukoutas 1) have found a place at bottom of that list within the last year(Mourdoukoutas 1).

China Mobile fell to the 95th place in 2013 from 88th in 2012. The company was 96th position in 2014. Respectively, China Construction fell from 97th to 99th position. New to the list wasTencent Holdings (97th) having replaced CNOOC, which was simply removed from the list. While these results are significant to explaining how commerce/businesses influenced international relationships between China and America, it must be noted that this baron survey does not explain reasons for the ranking, but just relate them from the poll taken(Mourdoukoutas 1)

In analyzing the impact of business /commerce in Sino-American restoration relationships the analyst continued to clarify that this survey highlighted five most important attributes, whichcontribute help companies gaining respect among institutional investors. These qualities included‘strong management; profound business strategies combining ethical business practices, competitive edge, and revenue and profit growth’ (Mourdoukoutas1). It was emphasized that Chinese corporations are non- articulate in these business features. Precisely, American and European companies have all these business qualities. Four reasons were highlighted for China’s inadequate twenty-first century business techniques. They are lack of a modern management system, which is evident in American businesses because they are still government owned and controlled. Government makes decisions regarding what companies, which will survive in the industry and those which will have to close (Mourdoukoutas 1).

More importantly,they function as large state oligopolies; government being the largest stockholder. Often these business entities demonstrate limited skills offer irrelevant incentives and the freedom to adjust inputs and outputs thatwould provide growth. With improved international business relationships with America Chinese are learning how to practice autonomy. Formerly, government mandated business rules along with undermining attempts to changes strategies employed by business entities. This philosophy has been inherited from China socialist history. Now with American infiltration throughimprovements in international relations after 1900s distinctly businesses have played a major role as a non-governmental feature to bridge gaps that exist between them in the business world (Mourdoukoutas 1).

As the discussion continues outlining businesses being non-governmental actors in the resolution of fluctuating international relations between China and United States of America; it is imperative to mention that America does support injustice, even though considered an imperialist power. The situation with businesses in China was one whereby corporations did not create modern capitalist strategies because psychological they still embraced the communist ideological patterns and were incapable of changing that mindset on their own. Associations through business ventures helped reshaped thinking to build powerful American business corporations further strengthening international relationships. The greatest influence was developing business transparency (Mourdoukoutas 1).

Now to discuss the education influence on therole of Non-Governmental Actors in Sino-American Relations since 1900s reference must be made to academic exchanges, partnerships,  and research collaboration  now being conducted between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Importantly, this has significantly impacted US-China relationships on the international scene (Julius & Leventhal 1).

International organizations have contended that these educational partnerships enhanced research outcomes, student and faculty integration, tuition stability,promote understanding of cross cultural patterns, and develop appreciation for increased international cooperation between the US and another emerging world power such as China. Recent studies byInstitute of International Education, confirm that since 1900s China has provided the greatest amount international students to United States of America and other developed nations across the world (Julius & Leventhal 1).

For example, since 2010, China has surpassed India in international students supply to US institutions. Similarly,as the mutual ties strengthen Americansthere is an increase of over 500% Americans now studying in China. This country is the seventh favorite place for Americans who elect to study abroad. As has emerging world power China is cited fifth in the study destination selection for international students with America still being the first. More importantly,there is a significant increase in the amount of Chinese scholars and teachers conducting joint research ventures with the US colleges and universities. Research protocols have been synchronized for efficacy within sciences (Julius & Leventhal 1).

Currently there are over 30,000 Chinese scholars in United States of America conducting research in various disciplines including health care, psychology, psychiatry, geology and natural sciences.Consequently, students from South Korea, China and India are responsible for more than half of the foreign student population in United Sates of America (Julius & Leventhal 1).

Therefore, in highlighting the real motives behind their involvement in shaping US foreign relations is to recognize pitfalls, opportunities and the future international exchange brings to both countries. When China assesses the effects of these partnerships on their development it is beneficial to their economy. Development variables must be variables must understood. While identifying these variables may take some time since these bounding attempts are relatively recent an appreciation of two overarching issues ought to be considered.They are the prevailing forces that are bringing Chinese and Americans; next is taking into account how US and Chinese post-secondary environments are different and their social settings too (Julius & Leventhal 1).

It is very important for analysts to understand features of this relationship which have suddenly created cooperation between the two nations. Questions which are asked by spectator countries are what motivate Chinese partners to align themselves to America? What is in it for them?A possible response could be that Chinese perceptions of self-interest are dominant factors. Territorial growth, economic integrity and world power status are inevitable motivating influences. Precisely, when evaluating Chinese history they are propelled by evidence of independence rather than interdependence. It is clear that strengthening ties with United States in education is a step towards moving into their independence ultimately(Julius & Leventhal 1).

It would appear that being strongly connected to the US from an international level gives China some deep international security from being attracted by external forces such as Japan which was closely becoming an economic world power.On the other hand America has at steak its world power status being the riches country, but also poor in many aspects especially health care. Sure for any country/nation/super power economic growth is a main feature of internal stability. These two elements are foremost concerns at the moment forboth China as they struggle to keep the international relationships between them real.

Education is and has been a strong economic force articulated though human resource management. As such, ‘world-class’ university creation within most modern educational culture is a valuable resource for twenty-first century economic growth escalation.Both China and America realize the usefulness of this strategy as world powers and evolving world powers respectively. Education is perceived as the most stability force in this phenomenon. The facts are that Chinese universities are presently also facing a number of educational problems. Increasedengagement with US institutions seems to be a great move towards resolving many of them (Julius & Leventhal 1).

For example, some of these problems include concerns regarding increased income disparity among the growing Chinese population; diminished economic growth occurring between rural and urban environments and increasing demands for access to higher education accessibility. There has also been a noticeable enrolment increase accompanied by unemployment upon graduation. This leaves a glut in the education market less demand for skills produced (Julius & Leventhal 1).

Issues related to governance andquality of academic leadership tensions in the administration of Chinese colleges and universities have surfaced.  Distinctively, American colleges and universities seem to have a different motive for their collaboration with Chinese colleges. These reasons vary with the type of university and skills America wish to produce from the venture. American educators evaluate the institution assess tuition revenue to be derived the research competitiveness, faculty recruitment opportunities as well as students who are extremely gifted in high demand sciences (Julius & Leventhal 1).

In briefly taking a review of how religion shaped the Sino-American relationships after 1900s it is important to evaluate how religious practice evolved from non-Christian to accommodation of Christian churches in China after relationships were enhanced. In many parts of the world during early 15^th and 16^th centuries under Spanish rule the church was the state and the state the church. The church in that era was Christian. Based on this presumption, China wanted nothing to do with the Christian denomination in their country for fear of it infiltrating their political philosophy.However, American religious culture is Christian predominantly. Even though religious freedom is a significant feature of the constitution Christianity is the most revered religion in the country.

Therefore, if relationships were to be strengthens with American which is a nation under God religious influence was inevitable.  American Christian evangelist, Billy Graham and his team visited China after several years of proclaiming Christian gospel was prohibited and was able to hold a crusade bridging the gap between America and China which existed for centuries due to communist hostility. He was accepted by the prevailing regime and improved relationships between his country and china were promised. also Chinese who became Christian were privileged to practice the religion of their choice.

Finally, Asians were not so welcoming and skeptical of American presence in the region because they perceived America as an imperialist world power. They felt that America would eventually take over or try to dictate their political culture. The political ideology of Asians was still communist oriented. They knew that America was capitalist and would not tolerate communism within the hemisphere.

Works cited

Arthur Power Dudden. The American Pacific: From the Old China Trade to the Present. The Journal of Military History57 (1); 1993

MourdoukoutasPanos. World’s Most Respected Companies In 2014: Where Are TheChinese? Accessed July 7^th, 2014 from http://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2014/07/01/worlds-most-respected-ompanies-in-2014-where-are-the-chinese/

Julius Daniel; Leventhal Mitch.What works for Sino-American academic partnerships. Accessed on July 7^th, 2014 from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140318130719225