Technology for Detection and Prevention War on Cancer, Research Paper Example

Abstract

With the advances in technology, cancer research has made strides in developing tools and devices use in preventing and detecting various life-threatening diseases, illness, and more importantly cancers. The War on Cancer has been a forty year battle that was built on the optimism that they will find a cure. With the invention of nanotechnology, it has come at an opportune time where increase knowledge is available on cancer genomics and proteomics. It has emerged from numerous projects such as the Human Genome Project, and other research that has included; the development of some forms of cancers, ways on how to prevent, signs of cancers, and ways to attack the molecular underpinnings of cancer. On the war on cancer, researchers have previously lacked the innovations in technology that have provided the information needed in helping cancer patients and preventing new ones. However, modern technology has advanced and is constantly growing at a rapid pace which has played a pivotal role in providing the technological mechanisms to enable the development of tools used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and preventives. Technology such as nanotechnology has been critical in the success of finding more efficient and effective ways to apply treatments, increasing safety of surgical procedures, help in finding solutions to illnesses, and a breakthrough in someday finding cures to cancers. Other technology includes advances in diagnostic medical imaging and other advanced imaging technologies, lasers, and other advances in modern technology are helping to win the war on cancer.

Introduction

Nanotechnology is rapidly becoming the technology that has been deemed the future in medicine and technology. It has opened up the doorway in which has shed light on preventive, diagnostic, and treatment for not only cancers but other illnesses,as well. While there are several technologies that have helped in the field of cancer research, nanotechnology is the primary technology that has the possibility of replacing the existing applications for medicine and treatments that have reached their practical limits on the war on cancer. The War on Cancer has been an ongoing battle since under Nixon’s Administration and has been fueled by technological advances in the medical field for the treatment of cancer. At the time, many held the general consensus that there was a lack of progress in cancer research, and it needed a governmental push to create programs and institutes dedicated to fighting cancer.

According to the Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, nanotechnology has the immense potential in providing congenial paradigm-shifting answers to vast medical problems such as cancer. (Farrell, Alper, Ptak, Panera, Grodzinski, Barker 2010) Nanotechnology involves the design, manipulation, synthesis, study, creation, and the application of devices, systems, and materials on a nanometer scale. Not only based to the medical field but also heavily used in engineering, construction, agriculture, and healthcare. The purpose of this chapter is to provide information on modern technologies that have aided in prevention and detection of cancers. Applying the knowledge and benefits of nanotechnology have paved the way in which doctors and researchers are able to win the war on cancer.

Cancer treatments and other methods in prevention usually take a lot of time and can be costly to patients and the hospitals. The emergence of nanotechnology has provided a cheaper and quick way in providing the development of treatments. The lack of early cancer interventions and cancers has been a crucial factor that has contributed to the dire diagnoses and survival rates of some cancer patients. In the past, the technologies available have done a dismal job in providing a clear prognosis for cancer patients. Cancer has been one of the leading cause of mortality across the world with more than ten million people annually are given the potentially deadly diagnosis. Cancer develops through multiple steps as a carcinogenesis procession that consists of various cellular physiological systems that make it a highly complex and incomprehensible disease. Cancers can began as a localized disease that is prone to spread to specific locations throughout the body. Which in some forms makes cancer an incurable disease.Cancer treatments presently have been conducted through a pathologic staging and clinical basis. It is determined through the utilization of morphologic diagnostic tools that consist of histopathological examinations and conventional radiological examinations. The common methods that have been utilized in cancer treatments includes chemotherapy, surgical interventions, radiation, and others.

War on Cancer: The History

In the early half of the 20^th century, there were many cases of Americans and other citizens of the world being diagnosed with cancer. At the time, President Nixon declared War on Cancer, at his state of the Union address in 1971. (Cutler 2008) At the time he stepped up like no other president or institute around him to allocate billions in dollars towards funding the various resources in cancer treatment, prevention, and early detection.President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act of 1971, which was intended to combine the Public Health Service Act in strengthening the National Cancer Institute to provide more process in fighting cancer.In his Nixon’s State of the Union Address, he pledged that he would find a cure by the bicentennial. From his pledge, the United States alone has spent over 100 billion dollars towards cancer research, and in that time have come to a greater understanding of how cancer works. (Spektor 2010) One of the main reasons for the passage of the act was due to Mary Lasker who along with her husband were strong supporters of medical research in establishing the Lasker Foundation to reward those for their research. Mary Lasker served as the main driving force to obtain more funding for the American Cancer Society, and get federal backing for the National Heart Institute and National Cancer Institute. During the time of Nixon’s declaration of war, cancer was the second leading cause of death in the nation. (Cuter 2008) Despite the best efforts of the President with the funding increased from $15 billion to $74 billion in 2005 to provide funding for the institutes, the start of the war went poorly, and in the period of 1971 to 1990 the mortality rate of cancer victims increased by 8 percent. (Cuter 2008) It was not until 1990 with the emergence of new technologies were the numbers beginning to decline. In 1971, only 3 million people with cancer survived, 30 years later that number had improved to over 9 million, and by the year 2007, it had grown to 12 million. (Merenda 2012)

There are several critics then, and now that has criticized the progress the war on cancer. What researchers and President Nixon did not understand then was that there isnot one size fits all cure for cancers. There are different types that affect the body in different ways, adult cancers, child cancers, and cancers that are increased by the habits that the patient partakes in.However, the general public is only a few steps in knowledge on some causes of cancer while leaving much more territory for understanding the underlying causes, and finding safer treatments for patients. Some of the deadlier forms of cancer such as pancreatic are still virtually unknown the causes or how to treat it. Present cancer is still the one of the leading causes of death around the world.

The mortality rate has dropped since 1971, but still at dismal rate than what many believe it should be. An age specific analytical view shows that the mortality rates are on the decline among the youngest age group. At 13, percent, the mortality rate for cancer is at its lowest level in 60 years. (Cuter 2008) The major innovations from the war on cancer is the link between tobacco and some forms of cancer. It is linked to lung cancer, lip cancer, larynx, bladder, pancreas, and esophagus cancer. It has been one of the major breakthroughs in determining a potential risk factor and a method of prevention. According to research the risk associated with heavy smokers compared to nonsmokers is 3.0 and 2.5. (Cuter 2008) promising statistics is that the rate of tobacco related cancer mortality fell by 8 percent between 1990 and 2005, with a 22 percent reduction in cancer related deaths. (Cuter 2008)

The improvements that have been made is changing some forms of cancer from a quick death sentence to a chronic long-term condition that will be manageable for some patients through therapy and treatments. The treatments include early detection through mammography and colonoscopy, which has had the largest impact on cancer survival at a moderate cost. (Cuter 2008) In cancer prevention, the biggest change is knowing that tobacco is linked to some forms of cancer, and programs that have aimed to quit smoking has helped with reducing the mortality rate. In early detection for cancers related to tobacco is the traditional lung screening with sputum analysis and chest x-rays, the move towards modern technology in helical CT provides better imaging. However, the growing consensus is that lung screening has provided a lot of false positives, and while it is advantageous for early detection did not increase the survival rate. (Cuter 2008) The problem with improving survivability is that with cancers such as lung cancer, they cannot be easily detected until they have spread beyond its inception point, usually involving the spread to crucial organs. Other forms of prevention in identifying risks factors is through colon cancer. The research has identified that obesity has been the principal factor in risk for colorectal cancer by a margin of 50 percent. Other risks include inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. They have found through the use of aspirin treatment and other forms of multivitamins to reduce the risk of colon cancer. (Cuter 2008) The most controversial forms of treatment that were discovered but have showed improvement includes radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy which has improved the cancer survival rates but a considerable high cost.

In treating most cancers such as colon and lung surgery and chemotherapy has become a leading option in cancer treatment.Surgery is usually the standard procedure followed by chemotherapy, and then radiation. Through modern science, each treatment has advanced and improved to increase the survivability of patients. Colon cancer is also one of the few cancers that the mortality rate has been on the decline since the 1990s. Another serious cancer that is affecting millions is breast cancer. From 1971, it is one of the few that has made strides towards providing information on early detection, risk factors, and forms of prevention in reducing the mortality rate. The decline for breast cancer alone is 28 percent but is still the third leading cause of cancer deaths. (Cuter 2008) Breast cancer is one of the few to see considerable advances in treatments besides the standard mastectomy and radiations. Now surgery is made to conserve the breast, adjuvant chemotherapy agents have been used in treatments, as well as hormonal therapy, aromatase inhibitors as hormonal substitutes for additional therapy. Largely other forms of cancers much still needs to be known, and after 40, years it has seemed that the War on Cancer has not been conquered.

Early Detection, Prevention, and Treatment

The War on Cancer was supposed to bring in more information on detecting the early signs of cancer,however the data is not available as each cancer grow differently. The cancers can grow to be significantly invasive until they present clinical symptoms, which can sometimes be too late. Cancer screening has become the most common form of early detection as many cancers were detected. When they were detected at an earlier rate in most cases, the chances for survival were significantly high. (Cutter 2008) One of the best examples is Prostate cancer which grows slowly than other cancers in the body with the screeninghas led to better chances of survival in most cases. The same can be the same with other cancers if they are able to catch it in time. The changes in treatment include replacing the standard in breast cancer for mastectomy, the treatment in leukemia, and other advancements with the approval of 53 new indications for the treatment of cancer. (Merenda 2012) Research has shown that almost 50% of cases of cancer can be cured or eradicated through the surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. (Skeptor 2010) The most common among the survival rate are the ones where early detection has been a vital factor; breast, colorectal, and prostate.

Overall there has been a modest decline in death rates from the advancement in modern technology to improve upon the surgical procedures, the forms of cancer therapy that have reduced the side effects patients. In more deadly cancers such as Pancreatic and others, normal therapies do not work, and often 60% of clinical cases die. This is where the War on Cancer has so far failed. There are several challenges to the impending finding a cure for cancer such as finding different treatment approaches for the different kinds of cancer. The factors such as, changes in the cell that lead to cancerous cells, determining the tissues origins, genetic or environmental risk factors. The cellular interactions and cell signaling, barriers to translational medicine, approval process for drugs, and challenges to early detection, diagnosis, and prevention. There is still much more to learn about what causes most cancers, is it genetic or epigenetic, what increases the risks, how to prevent it, and how to effectively cure it. The advancement in technology is slowly making a change as innovations in technology have created avenues to sending drugs to the cancer site in places where it could otherwise not be accessible such as in pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and other deadly types.

Modern Technology

With the funding that has been allocated each year and innovations in technology there has been a growing class of molecular technology used with not only the development of the Human Genome Project, but also cancer treatments. The Human Genome Project has opened up new avenues to study cancer and provides promising discoveries on cancer biology. The modern technologies include better screening of genetic variations and biomolecules, and functional genomics. DNA sequences used in analyzing cancer tissues, and providing a comprehensive catalog of somatic mutations for understanding cancer biology. One of the radical innovations is nanotechnology that can go to places other drug delivery agents could not before, which is helping to remain optimistic in finding out more information on cancer.

The State of Cancer Research

Presently the early detection and treatment of cancer has remained at a technological standstill. In spite of many advances and breakthroughs of conventional treatments the options used that consists of radiation, chemotherapy, and therapy is still miles away from being the optimal solution, Some of the biggest barriers are that it is plagued with technological and monetary setbacks. Recurrent difficulties that are encountered by the present cancer therapies are not restricted to the inadequacy of drug concentrations to reach the tumor locations, the nonspecific systemic allocation of antitumor agents, the limited ability to monitor the therapeutic responses, intolerable cytotoxicity, and the development of compound drug resistance. In the early half of the 20^th century, the cancer prevention was offered as a valuable point for the expanding cancer research field. With the founding of many programs and groups that saw intervention as the key to controlling cancer.At the time, there was not much available for detecting the early signs of cancer, and patients are not introspectively aware that there might be a problem growing in their bodies.

In the past, the general public was not informed of the nature of the warning signs to cancer and were (and still are) of a cure. The treatments created much fear in the public, and most patients have avoided the doctor until the pain becomes unbearable, which in most cases is often too late. In the past, there have been several instances in which false hope was given through fake cures, misdiagnosis, the encouragement of further delay, and the mistreatment of the deadly disease. The lack of education in the past was been linked to the increased mortality of cancer patients because of misinformation. Agencies in cancer prevention have generally encouraged people to get regularly checked for early detection that has served in increasing survival rates. From the early detection and treatment of detection is prevention which has become a malleable term in controlling cancer. The lack of knowledge has not provided extensive information on prevention, but instead researchers’ educated guess or results from longitudinal studies. Cancer prevention, detection, and treatment have only progressed so far, but the advances in modern technology have proven to support much of the past research and provide a new perspective on the facts of cancer.

The current prognostic and diagnostic classifications have been inefficient in making predictions for the rate of success in treatments and patient outcomes. Thus making it an urgent necessity and opportune time in the new development and breakthrough technologies which could aid in identifying residual tumor cells and micrometastases, delineating tumor margins, and determining if a tumor has been entirely eliminated. The use of nanotechnology in the medicine field will provide the unprecedented paradigm shift in the opportunity in the interaction and study of the cancer cells and the normal cells in real time. This can be viewed no only on a molecular level but also on a cellular level in the early stages of cancer in the body. Through the concerted creations of the nanoscale tools and devices that consist of the nanoscale components and materials, researchers are able to integrate existing cancer research with a new infrastructure.

Nanotechnology enables the field of cancer research to produce technologies for the purpose of diagnostics and imaging agents that will enable doctors to detect cancer at an early stage, provide tools for prevention, and solutions for treatments. The nanotechnology systems will offer real-time assessments of surgical efficiency and therapeutic treatments in the acceleration of the clinical transition of multifunctional, and targeted nanoscale tools that have the ability to bypass the biological barriers in reaching the cancer cells, and tissues in the microenvironment. This plays a crucial role in the metastasis and growth of cancer within the body. These nanoscale agents are capable of monitoring the predictive changes to the molecular structure, and can prevent the precancerous cells from progressing to malignant form. The novel approaches in managing the symptoms of cancers would have an adverse impact on the quality and longevity of life. The tools available for cancer research will provide a progressive if not instant identification of new locations for prediction to drug resistance, and clinical development.

Nanotechnology

In the result of cancer research is to provide a treatment in which to cure cancer of the patient. This can be achieved through the concentration of therapeutic agents in tumor locations that which eventually destroy the cancerous cells while also limiting damage to the normal cells. This can be achieved through the use of nanotechnology an emerging tool in cancer research. Nanotechnology is the study of materials on an atomic and molecular scale that are generally used to deal with the arrangement of the nano size scale. It involves the development of devices or materials within the nano framework. (Siddiqui, Adhami, Chamcheu, Mukhtar, 2011) Nanotechnology is the manipulation of materials or matter at the molecular and atomic level that creates molecules with new and different matter. It is a heavily emerging area within research that promises to create developments in gene therapy, drug transport, and much more.

The underlying rationale for nanotechnology is the utilization in semiconductors, metals, and polymeric particles that demonstrate a novel optical, magnetic, electronic, and organizational properties. They are numerously not available from bulk solids and individual molecules.Nanotechnology can produce nano sized materials that have the ability to be synthesized and function as the same size scale and biologic structure. There have been several developments in the attempt to create forms of anticancer therapeutics that are based on nanomaterials. The nanotechnology field is increasing in is multidisciplinary area that consists of tools and techniques from differentiated disciplines that include medicine, engineering, biology, chemistry, and physics that are grouped together in order to achieve a common initiative. Through several biological processes which include those that are cancer-related, it normally occurs on a nanoscale, more specifically nanoparticulate technology which has been profoundly appreciated as a potential mechanism for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology in cancer is considered a scientific discipline that seeks to illustrate the correlation between the devices and materials that are nanoscale, cellular, and molecular components directly related to cancer.

Nanotechnology for Cancer Treatments

Cancer is a deadly disease in which treatments have progress since the development of radiation and chemotherapy in attempting to treat cancer. With the use and development of nanotechnological devices in purpose with efficient methods in cancer treatment there are several options. The first includes the use of nanorobots used in early detection, prevention, and in the treatment. Nanobots carries out a specific function that are used effectively in drug delivery.The use of nanotechnology provides nanobots with the ability to target specific locations. Where the drug can be taken directly to the cancer site that will increase the efficacy, and reduce the possibilities of side effects. (Perkel 2004) The nanobots deliver the drugs that are made of walls coated with thin wires that will emit the electric pulses that will dissolve the walls and release the drugs if cancer is detected. (Perkel 2004)

The approaches in destroying the cancerous cells have been the top priority to researchers dating back to the 18^th century. The challenges to this solution of flooding the body with harmful toxins to destroy the cancerous cells are that there is not much distinction of cancerous and normal cells. The approach that is most commonly taken is to eliminate the tumor or cancer causing agents and destroy the paracrine signaling effect. The breakthroughs in modern technology have improved on this approach by developing nanotechnology that can gain accessibility in parts of the body to deter and deliver treatment better than before. Nano devices minuscule size provides them with the advantages of being readily interactive with biomolecules within cells and on the surface of cells. Nanoscale devices are changing the way clinicians treat cancer as they discovered the nanotechnology delivers the therapeutic agents that are customizable in the targeted drug livery that can carry a large amount of chemotherapeutic agent, natural products, and therapeutic genes inside of the malignant cells. While they carry the agents to the malignant cells they also avoid the healthy cells, which significantly reduces the patient from unpalatable side effects from cancer treatment.

Nanotechnology for Cancer Detection

Nanotechnology is a potential mechanism that can be utilized in cancer detection. The development of dendritic polymer nanodevices is purposed with the detection of cancer cells within the body, the identification of the cancer signatures, and the delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics such as taxol, cisplatin, and methotrexate, and the elimination of tumor cells. There have been past research developed to study the synthesis, the drug delivery component, the imaging and contrasting agents, and function of the targeted module. The production of microchips coated with human molecules have been successfully used in cancer detection and diagnosis. The nano-microchips work by emitting an electrical impulse signal when the molecules detect the cancer cells. With the production of the nano-microchips, there are also specialty sensor nanobots that can be inserted with the blood under the skin, used in checking the contents, and provide warnings if they detect cancer. In order purposes for the nanobot technology is the advantages of monitoring blood sugar levels, they are easily portable, and cheap to produce. (Harry 2005)

The use of nanoscale cantilevers are the microscopic and flexible beams that are in resemblance to a row of a diving board built with a semiconductor lithographic technique. The nanoscale cantilevers are coated with molecules that have the ability to bind to specific complementary substrates of DNA to a particular gene sequence. Such as a micron-sized device that consists of several nanoscale cantilevers which can detect single molecules of protein or DNA. The cancerous cells will release the products, in which the antibodies that are coated with the nanoscale cantilever fingers will bind selectively with the released proteins. The antibodies that are coated have been created to pick up one of several molecular expressions (signatures) from cancerous cells. The advantages of the nanoscale cantilevers are they are able to change the physical properties as the result of the binding event, which can provide information about the detection, the absences, and the cancer concentration of the different molecular signatures. This technology can provide the sensitive and rapid detection of cancer related cells and molecules.

Nanoparticles are another nanotechnological device that advances the possibilities of creating better cancer treatments in the increase of the number of effective therapeutic agents. Nanoparticles can target the cancerous cells that are utilized in the molecular imaging of a malignant lesion. Nanoparticles can then be injected under the skin, where they would then bind to the cancerous cells to define the anatomical contour of the malignant lesion, thus making it visible. The benefits of nanoparticles give cancer researchers the capabilities to see the cancerous molecules and cells that are not normally detected through conventional imaging. This essential benefit in cancer treatment, leads to the ability to monitor the therapeutic intervention, and make cancer cells visible in determining if they are active or wounded. The nanoparticles also provide the ability to be structured similar to bone structure. The use of an ultrasound is used in imaging the bone structures and the nanoparticles that can be inserted as a paste form through the body. According to Adhikari (2005) the nanoparticles can be placed at the location of the fractured bone where they self-assemble to form the bone structure that becomes a part of the bone. (Adhikari 2005) This is critical in tissue reconstruction, and useful in cancer treatment that analyzes the cell tissue which can be damaged from the spread of cancer to distinct parts of the body.

Nanotechnology for Cancer Prevention

In order to stop a disease, the first step is preventing the disease. In cancer, this is a malleable term in which cancer researchers and clinicians alike have long strive for prevention facts to control the spread of cancer. The technological breakthroughs in the field of nanotechnology have provided researchers with opportunities to develop a preventative approach to cancer. The genetic mutations of cancers have been shown to be the underlying factor that must be counteracted to prevent the further progression of the genetic mutations. The genetic mutations that are central to cancer is the natural or artificial carcinogens have been found to be the cause in only some of the cases. Other causes consist of the spontaneous replication of DNA and cell division. The current phase in technology and science has no known tools in order to prevent these factors from happening. Although, the elimination of carcinogens has been found to be a highly effective method in cancer prevention.

Other Modern Technologies on the War on Cancer

Besides nanotechnology, there are other technologies that are useful in helping to fight the war on cancer. This include, but not limited to imaging technology, lasers, and other innovations that have helped with early detection and treatment for cancer. The methods of imaging are improved through the acquisition, illustrations, and interpretation of the diagnostic medical images that have improved the x-rays. The use of medical imaging is that developers are able to combine the technologies of the computer in order to shape the diagnostic imaging department of the team. In the using modern technologies, the computer aided detection is applied through a computer algorithm that produces image data. The power of the computer has increased over the last decade it has provided a useful utility for diagnostic imaging.

First began in the 1970s, the evolution of computerized tomography (CT) technology took approximately almost six minutes to take a scan. Unlike today, a typical scanner takes about twenty five seconds. The developments of the current CAD application are they are able to identify the essential problems that address the possible findings that determine if they are any malignant characteristics of on the breast, lungs, or any other areas. (Doi 2005) The uses of CT and CAD are used in early detection screenings of breast cancer, pancreatic cancers, colon cancers, and other invasive cancers. (Mohammed, Jankakiram, Lightfoot, Gali, Vibhudtta, Rao 2012) The advances in Computerized Tomography (CT) have provided images in technology that has improved the resolution, speed, and power.

Other technologies that are useful include the use of liquid laser technology which helps with cancer detection and prevention. This type of technology has been able to pinpoint the potential cancer causing DNA. The team of Xudong Fang (2012) utilized the technological method of liquid laser in detecting DNA in humans that are more susceptible to several diseases including cancer. (Qian 2012) The team has worked on the lab for over five years by developing a process which narrows down the mutant genes that cause the cancer cells to a single difference in the DNA. The differences in regular laser technology and liquid laser technology was that with regular laser, the team was not able to put the biomolecules into the laser when it was in a solid state. The liquid laser technology has provided clear precision and accuracy when pinpointing the mutant gene. The method of technology is the laser contains an internal cavity where biomolecules can be implemented, and cancer molecules can be easily detected. The importance of this use of technology is rooted in the importance of identifying the cancer gene, and building an analysis in which the gene analysis would be effectively applicable for the treatment and prevention of cancer.

Conclusion

The War on Cancer has been a 40 year process in which much is still needed on curing cancer. The problems that led with the concept was that people believed it was one size fits all to the solution. 40 years and while there has been an increase in survival, the numbers are not that swell with certain forms of cancers. The process of early detection has become an increasing factor for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers that have declined the most. The War on Cancer has failed in placing more research on deadlier cancers where the survival rate is lowest. An increase in identification of risk factors and treatments have helped in almost 50 percent of cases. The advances in technology have made the treatments of chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and other therapies a more practical solution to curing cancer. Along with innovations ins smart drugs approved from the FDA, and advances in modern technology that provide better imaging, detection, DNA sequencing, and drug delivery methods such as Nanotechnology that has provided much needed optimism in finding cures for cancer.

Step into the right direction for the cancer research has presented the science and the medical world with more optimism in curing cancer. The growing predicted soon to be $1 trillion dollar nanotechnology industry has provided much needed focus on the opportunities for cancer prevention, detection, and diagnosis. Nanotechnology on the war on cancer is starting to emerge as a cheaper, effective, and efficient tools that provide better precision and efficacy than the conventional methods. The use of liposomes and nanoparticles, among others are used in the in the extensive utilization for the drug delivery of chemotherapeuticagents, tumor destroying agents, and cancer cell agents, that directly target the locations of the disease.

The utilization of the advantage of nanotechnology not only delivering drugs for identification, detection, and treatment, but also for natural products throughout the body for the benefit of cancer prevention. More research however, is needed in the preventative capabilities of nanotechnology, while also developing smart nanostructures that will be capable of detecting malignant cells in vivo, killing the cells, and sending a report that the drug was delivered.

The advancement in modern technology has provided the medical field with beneficial factors where researchers believe that they will be a cure for cancer by the year 2015. This will help fulfil the pledge taken by Nixon to win the War on Cancer.

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