The Illustration of Ethnic Brokerage in the Atlanta, Research Paper Example

Introduction

Illustration as a craft has evolved significantly over the past 150 years. From its humble start in the U.S. and Europe as a field of collegiate study, with illustrators like Howard Pyle instructing fellow illustrators like Elizabeth Shippen Green, Frank Earle Schoonover, and Maxfield Parrish to the works of more contemporary artists like Norman Rockwell, Dr. Seuss, and Andy Warhol, illustrators have evolved their styles through a body of adopted influences. One of the most noticeable trends in illustration this research reveals is a transition from an emphasis on details to more colorful and abstract conceptual work. The research also shows a wide range of illustrators gained their notoriety through working on children’s books or book covers. The following will assess a brief history of illustration and the illustrators that shaped style as it evolved between 1850 and 2000.

 1850-1900

Howard Pyle lived between March 5, 1853 and November 9, 1911. He was an author and American illustrator primarily known for his illustrations for young people. While he was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware, he spent the final year of his life in Florence, Italy. His first illustration was displayed in Scribner’s Magazine in 1876.[1] He eventually became the director of illustration at the Drexel Institute but also worked as an instructor at a school he opened in Chadd’s Ford and Wilmington Pennsylvania. It’s noted that, “He was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and of the National Academy. He belonged to the Century Association in New York and the Franklin Inn Club of Philadelphia.”[2] His experiences as an instructor would lead him to teach many aspiring illustrators like Elizabeth Shippen Green, Frank Earle Schoonover, Maxfield Parrish and more.

Pyle’s sketch of the man [pictured on above] represents a new friend he made while spending time in the Thousand Islands. Prior to 1880, illustrations were developed through a process of engraving the drawing of the artist on a woodblock. The woodblock was then used to develop prints. This represented a time consuming process that relied as heavily on the skill of the engraver as it did the talent of the artist. Pyle’s drawing above was done for the Scribner’s Monthly in pen and ink but due to the fact that is was created prior to 1880, it’s highly likely the picture was engraved on a woodblock first.

London born Arthur Rackham, started working as a clerk at the age of 18, but in 1892 he left his job and started working as an illustrator and reporter for the Westminster Budget as a reporter and illustrator. In 1893, his first book of illustrations were published in “To the Other Side,” a publication written by Thomas Rhodes. His most famous, and considered to be his first legitimate commissioned work was the Dolly Dialogue in 1894.

The above picture “Allice and The Frog” is a take on Alice in wonderland, from The Dolly Dialogue written in 1894. The illustration was drawn for a young audience that established Rackham’s reputation as a great illustrator of children’s book. Arthur Rackham died in 1939 of cancer.

1900-1910

Born into a family of artists in Bergen Heights, New Jersey, Violet Oakley studied art at the at the Art Students league of New York in 1892. She then traveled to England and France for a year, after which time she returned to the United States and studied under the tutelage of Howard Pyle in 1896.

Oakley was known for associating with fellow prominent artists Elizabeth Shippen Green and Jessie Willcox Smith. The three of them were nicknamed together, “the Red Rose girls” by Howard Pyle, due to the fact that they resided in the Red Rose Inn in Villanova, Pennsylvania between 1899 and 1901. The above self-portrait is an illustration Oakley drew of herself during this period and is representative of her self-persona during the years studying under Pyle.

Born in Toulouse, France, Edmund Dulac started his professional life studying law but then transitioned to illustration he began his career by studying law at the University of Toulouse. He also studied art, and would eventually to switch to art fulltime. He attended the Académie Julian in Paris in 1904, prior to relocating to London. It was in London, where he was paid to illustrate Jane Eyre. He then began to publish one book a year.

Edmund Dulac, “The Sleeping Beauty and Other Fairy Tales,” 1910, The Sleeping Beauty and Other Fairy Tales

Books which Dulac took part in producing included The Arabian Nights in 1907, to which he provided over 50 color images, a version of The Tempest, by William Shakespeare 1908 and Sleeping Beauty and other Fairy Tales, which he worked on in 1910. The picture depicts a princess at a ball being greeted by a prince.

1910-1920

Jessie Willcox Smith lived between September 6, 1863 and May 3, 1935. She was an American illustrator most known for illustrations in magazines like Ladies Home Journal and for her children’s books. Born in the Mount Airy, in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1884, she attended the School of Design for Women, now better known as Moore College of Art & Design. She would followed up these studies by studying further at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and then studying under Thomas Eakins in Philadelphia and graduating in 1888. She also studied under Howard Pyle.

The above piece is taken from one of the twelve illustrations Smith made for Kingsley’s The Water Babies (1916). While she was prominently known as a magazine illustrator for publications like Scribners, Leslie’s Weekly, and McClure’, these illustrations became a signifying element for her notoriety and they would eventually become a part of the private collection of the Library of Congress as a part of the “Cabinet of Illustration”.

Elizabeth Shippen Green lived between September 1, 1871 and 1954. She was a renowned American illustrator of children’s books and gained her professional experience as an illustrator working at Harper’s Magazine. She also was a student of Howard Pyle and studied under him at the Drexel Institute.

Elizabeth Shippen Green, “The Mistress of the House,” 1911, Harper’s Magazine

She is known for her illustration of women in casual but prominent positions and settings. The above image Mistress of the House was published in Harper Magazine and depicts a mother caring for her child. The work was published as a part of the exclusive contract she signed with Harpers Monthly

1920-1930

Newell Convers Wyeth lived from October 22, 1882 to October 19, 1945, is a prominent American artist and illustrator known for producing over 3,000 paintings 112 illustrations and 25 publications in Scribners, who was a students of Howard Pyle He was the pupil of artist Howard Pyle and became one of America’s greatest illustrators. During his lifetime, Wyeth created over 3,000 paintings and illustrated 112 books, 25 of them for Scribner’s, the Scribner Classics, which is the work for which he is best-known. The first of these, Treasure Island, was his masterpiece and the proceeds paid for his studio.

He is traditionally considered a realist painter and recognized for his works in photography. He is also recognized for his illustrations, specifically his children’s book work. The above illustration is his work “Rip Van Winkle” (1921), which contributed to a long honored tradition of students of Pyle, providing illustrations for children’s literature.  His illustrations have been characterized as melodramatic, and described by many critiques as designed to be quickly understood. The same can be said of the above image, as upon first glance many themes associated with the character of Rip Van Winkle stand out clearly.

Kay Rasmus Nielsen lived from 1886 to 1957. He was a Danish illustrator who was most known for his contribution to the golden age of illustration.

The above image is  Kay Nielsens “Handesl and Gretel” from (1925) The Brothers Grimm which placed Nielsen among the ranks of  Rackham and Edmund Dulac in respect to their prominence and success.  Nielsen became known for his contribution to the Disney franchise which was which became a substantial part of their illustration infrastructure. Many of his images led to the illustrations of the day, specially the cartoons which the Disney is known for to date. Brothers Grimm is a prime example or such an illustration.

1930-1940

Gustaf Tenggren was born November 3, 1896 in Vastergotland, Sweden. His early schooling and artistic influences were taken from Scandinavian influences and techniques. This means he largely based much of his work on mythology, mythological themes and motifs.  motifs and myths. At the age of 20 he succeeded John Bauer as the illustrator for Bland Tomtar och Troll (Among Elves and Trolls), a famous Swedish Christmas annual for children. He illustrated the fairy tales by Swedish artists in the annual from 1917 through 1926 – the last six years from America.

Gustaf Tenggrenn, Sven the Wise and Svea the Kind,1932

In 1932 was a banner year for Tenggren. He illustrated one of my favorites among his books, Sven the Wise and Svea the Kind, which only had two color plates but they were gorgeous (as you can tell from the sample to the right). Both this title and The Ring of the Niblung featured his pen work, which we also like. Here’s why. Tenggren is also well known for his work on Snow White with the Walt Disney Company.[3]

Frank Earle Schoonover lived between August 19, 1877 and Aug 1972 and he was a prominent American illustrator. Originally born in Oxford, New Jersey, he too was a student under the acclaimed Howard Pyle when he attended the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia. He eventually became part of what was known as the Brandy Wine School.

Two Scouts 1930, Frank Earle Schoonover, archive.org

The above piece, “Two Scouts” represented a transition of Frank Earle Schoonver from illustration to paintings. Through his contributions to many magazines, he became one of the many noted illustrators to be labeled as a part of the “Golden Age of Illustration,” through his diverse stories that he as diverse as Clarence Mulford’s Hopalong Cassidystories and Edgar Rice Burroughs’s A Princess of Mars. In 1918 he contributed to the eclectic mix of many writers liker Clarence Mulfords Hoplaong, and a wide range of painters like Gaye Porter Hoskins and the Acclaimed American illustrator Howard Pyle.

1940-1950

Boris Artzybasheff started his art career in America as a 22 year old Russian immigrant in 1922. Since then he has illustrated over 200 Time Magazine covers, and over 50 books. His illustrations often have a political undertone like the image below. Artzybasheff has a distinct style characterized as “monteurs.” As Jennifer Lynde Barker notes, “Artzybasheff demonstrated techniques in common with monteurs; he was an engineer of the material world. He constructed his paintings in parts, making different components of the work separately and adding layers of color over the base drawings he called ‘skeletons’”.[4] Politically, Artzybasheff’s work embraced many anti-fascist themes, as he rejected the concept of fascism both historically and philosophically.

Advert for Vultee Aircraft, April 1943, and seeing Hitler with Philip II, Louis XIV, Napoleon and Kaiser Wilhelm.

The above image was Artzybasheff’s take on Word War II, and it depicts Hitler along-side prior tyrannical rulers such as Philip II, Louis XIV, Napoleon and Kaiser Wilhelm. Artzybasheff is most commonly known now for his Time Magazine covers but he gained his fame during the 1940’s through his illustrations of humans and machines which shed light on the parallels between the human body and mechanical forms.

Mary Blair was born Mary Robinson and lived between 1911 and 1978. She was an American illustrator most known for her work with The Walt Disney Company and her work on Peter Pan, Alive in Wonderland, Song of the South and Cinderella. Mary Blair and her husband Lee Blair got their start in the illustration industry working for Ub Iwerks studio. When Lee went to work for Walt Disney studio, Mary Blair joined him shortly after in 1940. Following this move, during her time at Disney, Mary Blair worked on art for Dumbo, Lady and the Tramp, and Fantasia.

Small World 1941, Mary Blair, Disney

The above image is one of the illustrations Mary Blair made during her tour of South America with Walt and Lilian Disney. It would eventually become one of the concepts for the Small World ride in Disney World. Blair illustrated numerous watercolor sketches during her early years at Walt Disney in 1941 based on a good will tour in the south. She also traveled to South America with Walt Disney and his wife Lilian as a part of the Good Neighbor policy enacted by President D. Roosevelt. The designs she created from this were Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros. When she returned, she worked on feature films with Disney, as during the late 40’s and early 50’s the company produced an animated film each year. She is responsible for the color styling of Cinderella (1950) and illustrations in Alice in Wonderland (1951), and the animated film Peter Pan (1953).

1950-1960

Maxfield Parrish lived between July 25, 1870 March 30, 1966. Early on in his career, he established himself as a renowned illustrator. He represents one of the many members of the graduating class of Drexel Institute. He is one of the most well-known American illustrators but in the 1950’s he shocked the illustrator community as a whole to follow his pursuit of painting landscapes.

Maxfield Parrish, “Arizona” 1950, Maxfield Parrish Gallery

Like many of the others before him, he attended the Drexel Institute of Art and was a member of that collective group of illustrators that graduated from that institution and studied under Harvard Pyle. He is known for his distinctive saturated hues and idealized neo-classical imagery. After attending Haverford College, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and Drexel Institute of Art he entered an artistic career that lasted for more than half a century. Parrish’s signature style incorporated nature, so when he transitioned into landscape paintings it was a natural progression.

Born in New York City in 1894, Norman Rockwell has become an iconic figure through his illustration depicting 1950’s Americana. The picture below “Two Men Conversing” depicts two men engaging in conversation in a diner. Rockwell prided himself in revealing often overlooked details that he observed in daily life.

Norman Rockwell, “Two Men Conversing,” 1950,

Rockwell’s works have been credited for shaping American masculinity. As Eric J. Segal notes, Cultural historians of the United States tend to discuss the locus of middle-class masculinity from the late nineteenth century on as increasingly situated in bodily strength and fortitude. Norman Rockwell’s humorous illustrations of the figures of the sissy and the fop from early in this century have rarely been taken seriously as cultural texts”[5] There author goes on to point out that despite the fact Rockwell’s works haven’t been taken seriously as the image of masculinity commonly shared within American popular culture, they provide a point of access for many to examine contemporary manliness and modern fashion of the 1950’s era. Segel reveals that this appreciation for Rockwell’s version of America has become a growing trend that was not common within popular culture while Rockwell was producing the work but as time passed scholars began

1960-1970

Theodor Seuss Geisel is best known as Dr. Seuss. He was born in 1904 in Springfield Massachusetts. Dr. Seuss has had a diverse and extensive career. It’s noted that, “in the course of his sixty-five year career, Theodor Seuss Geisel was an advertisement agency artist, animator, producer and director of animated cartoons, caricaturist, playwright, short story writer, documentary filmmaker, lyricist, teacher, political cartoonist, and editor and author of children’s books”.[6] It should be further noted however that Dr. Seuss was not committed to authoring children’s books until the 1950s.

By the time of his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had written and illustrated 44 children’s books and the books were translated into over 15 languages with over 200 million copies sold throughout the world.  The above image is taken from One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish (1960), and depicts a young girl combing the hair of her childhood pet. In a 2001 issue of Publishers Weekly, fourteen of Dr. Seuss’s books were recognized as one of the top one hundred all-time bestseller hardcover children’s books.

Ezra Keats lived from 1916 to 1983. He was a prominent American illustrator but made a name for himself creating children’s books. He was originally born as Jacob Ezra Katz. Benjamin Katz was his father and was born in Warsaw in 1886, and then emigrated to the United States in 1883.  Benjamin Katz setup his life in East Brooklyn New York in the Jewish quarter of the city. It’s noted that. He “entered into a marriage, organized by a matchmaker, with another polish immigrant, Augusta—“Gussie”—Podgainy. She had been born in Warsaw too, about nine years after Benjamin, on May 15, 1877, and had come to America in the early 1890s.”[7] When Keats’s mother traveled to the U.S., her sister died along the way.

Ezra Jack Keats (1916–1983). The Snowy Day. New York: Viking, 1962. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress

Keats was the child of immigrants and this humble upbringing influenced his work in making him compassionate for the poor and overlooked members of society. The above picture is Ezra Jack Keats’s The Snowy Day. It represents the first full-color picture book with an African American main character. The sociopolitical impact of this book was one where that changed the trajectory of children books going forward from 1962, which is why the book was awarded the Caldecott Medal.

1970-1980

Andy Warhol lived between August 6^th 1928 and February 22^nd, 1987. He was an American artists and considered to be the quintessential creator of pop art. While he is not traditionally considered to be an illustrator, a significant portion of his work contained illustrating within modified photographs.

Andy Warhol No 4 from Mao Tse-Tung 1972 National Gallery of Australia

The image above is Andy Warhol’s Mao Tse-Tung No 4. It’s important to note that the original picture was a photograph that Warhol painted and then sketched over. Andy Warhol spoke on his own work identifying it primarily as shedding light on pop-culture phenomenon noting that, “if you want to know all about Andy Warhol, just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There’s nothing behind it. My work has no future at all. I know that. A few years. of course my things will mean nothing”.[8] Warhol’s prediction about his work has proven to be false as many of his pieces have evolved to become some of the most recognizable works in art and popular culture.

Marc Tolon Brown was born November 25, 1945 and he is an American author and illustrator of children’s books. Brown is the creator of the Arthur book series, which he illustrates and writes. This is the work for which he is most known. Arthur is an Emmy Award-winning PBS television series which has a broadcasting reach of more than 60 countries. Over 60 million Arthurs books have been sold in the U.S. alone. Marc Brown attributes the success of his books to the fact that children can easily identify with the Arthur character.

The above image is the original book cover of Brown’s first Arthur book published in 1976. The main character Arthur would evolve to take on different features as the series progressed with time. The book follows the life of Arthur, a young aardvark who is self-conscious about the size of his nose and considers getting it fixed but he ultimately decides against it. The popularity of the book inspired Brown to create a collection of follow up books chronicling Arthur’s life, the first being Arthur’s Eyes which played a part in inspiring the PBS education television series.[9]

1980-1990

Quentin Crisp was born December 25^th 1908 and lived until November 21^st 1999. He was conventionally known as an English writer but gained a reputation later in his life as an illustrator of self-portraits. He was also known for walking the streets in makeup and having a very effeminate behavior.

Quentin Crisp, “Self-Portrait,” 1986, Rolling Stone

Quentin was known to draw many self-portraits of himself, which he drew on limestone, then he would use that limestone image to make 100 artists editions of his portrait through impressions. Afterwards over the course of a few years, he would individually color each print with blue, fusia or pink, and then he would sign and number each print. His portraits were as much an artistic accomplishment as they were an expression of his flamboyant lifestyle.

Yoshitaka Amano was born in 1952 in Japan. I he is currently one of the most renowned Japanese designers and illustrators. He got his start illustrating working as an animator for Tatsunoko Productions in 1967. This is where his work became most influenced by the Japanese Anime movement.[10] Amano has credited comic book artist Neal Adams as one of his greatest influences as he adapted many Western art styles within his works, specifically psychedelic art and pop art.

Yoshitaka Amano “Tristan and Isolde”1980, Amano Artwork Gallery

Yoshitaka’s art exceeds beyond standard manga, but he is also recognized for his work with the Final Fantasy game series. In the 1980’s Amano shifted the focus of his works to science fiction motifs which caused him to adopt styles based in realism and surrealism. This change in his work drew the attention of video game production company Square Enix where he worked on Final Fantasy for Nintendo.

1990-2000

Dave Halili is an American contemporary fine arts illustrator who specializes in graffiti, logos and album covers. He is best known for illustrating the art work “Born Dead” for the Hip Hop/ Heavy Metal Rock “Body Count” album cover. Haili’s artistic career has largely benefited from the controversy associated with his work, as Hope Hamashige noted in a Los Angeles Times article on Haili, “David Halili isn’t bothered by a little controversy. In fact, it has aided his short career as a graphic artist.The first time the 26-year-old Fullerton native realized he was doing something noteworthy was when he saw then-Vice President Dan Quayle and actor Charlton Heston on television holding up examples of his art”.[11] Hamashige makes the point to note that Heston and Quayle were not fans of “Body Count,” but they were actually criticizing the work to make political points about the necessity for gun ownership to guard against gang violence.

The above illustration for the Body Count album cover became the key symbol for the band’s signature song Cop Killer, which was heavily criticized in the media. The controversy over the album cover resulted in a public debate over the clash between artistic expression and censorship.  It also caused Rapper, actor and heavy metal artists Ice T to have to leave the Warner Bros. Record label in order to release the album under his own record label to keep the original art work on the cover.

Daniel Q. Adel was born in 1962 and is an American painter and illustrator. His formal training is in graphic design. He established a name for himself in the art world in 1994, when he illustrated The Book that Jack Wrote, a children’s book written by Jon Scieszka. His works are composed of portraits, oil paintings, illustrations and watercolor work. His illustrations are predominantly caricatures of political figures. Adel is formally recognized as a figurative painter, but his satirical cartoons have been featured in some of the world’s top publications.

Scieszka, Jon. The Book That Jack Wrote. Illustrated by Daniel Adel. New York: Viking Press, 1994.

The picture above is taken from the book. He is primarily known for political commentary on the politics of the era. In “The Book That Jack Wrote,” Adel provides a twist on illustrations of some of the most well-known children’s book characters, such as a cow jumping over the moon, the Cheshire cat, the Mad Hatter, Humpty Dumpty, and a pieman at a fair.[12] All of these images pay homage to classic children’s book motifs and themes, while establishing Adel’s own historic place within the context of the genre.

Conclusion

In sum, the above works represent illustrations by some of the most well-known and influential illustrators over the past 150 years. The selected artists embody everything from work on children’s books to more avant-garde new-wave and modern works. One distinct characteristic that stands out is the popularity of the works of Dr. Seuss. At first glance, the signature style of his children’s books come across as being unconventionally artistic and almost abstract in their construction. Another noticeable aspect of the works chosen can be seen with Rockwell’s works. His focus on detail established his illustrations to be viewed both as works of art and as artifacts archiving historical moments in time. The craft of illustration changed over time and these changes become apparent over the 150 year period. The humble start of illustration as a field of study emerged in the U.S. and in Europe, but one of the most telling details of this development can be seen in how during the early years between 1850 and the mid 1900’s the majority of famous illustrators who established names for themselves, before doing so they attended the Drexel institute. They were all students of Howard Pyle. These were students like Elizabeth Shippen Green, Frank Earle Schoonover, and Maxfield Parrish. The research shows that these artists created what became known as the craft of illustration and their works greatly influenced Norman Rockwell, Dr. Seuss, and Andy Warhol. In this way, Drexel Institute plays a significant role in the evolution of illustrative style and establishing the fundamentals of the craft upon which others would build. One of the most noticeable trends in illustration this research reveals is a transition from an emphasis on details to more colorful and abstract conceptual work. The research also shows a wide range of illustrators gained their notoriety through working on children’s books or book covers. The main thing the above information revealed was that style in illustration has grown, developed and evolved to a new form.

Bibliography

Alderson, Brian. Ezra Jack Keats: Artist and Picture-book Maker. Pelican Publishing, 1994.

Barker, Jennifer Lynde. The aesthetics of antifascist film: radical projection. Vol. 19. Routledge, 2013.

Bauman, Mark. “Role Theory and History: The Illustration of Ethnic Brokerage in the Atlanta Jewish Community in an Era of Transition and Conflict.” American Jewish History (1983): 71-95.

Hamashige, Hope (January 30, 1995). “The Short, Graphic Career of David Halili: Controversy over an Ice-T rap album he designed hasn’t hurt”. LA Times.

Heller, Steven, and Seymour Chwast. Illustration: A visual history. Abrams, 2008.

Howard Pyle: A Record of His Illustrations and Writings. Wilmington society of the fine arts, 1921.

Lima, Carolyn W., and John A. Lima. A to zoo: Subject access to children’s picture books. RR Bowker, 121 Chanlon Rd., New Providence, NJ 07974, 1998.

Pease, Donald E. Theodor Seuss Geisel. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Scieszka, Jon, illustrated by Daniel Adel, The Book that Jack Wrote, New York, Viking, 1994,

Segal, Eric J. “Norman Rockwell and the fashioning of American masculinity.” The Art Bulletin 78, no. 4 (1996): 633-646.

Unno, Hiroshi. Amano: The Complete Prints of Yoshitaka Amano Collins Design: November 4, 2003.

Warhol, Andy, Annette Michelson, and Benjamin HD Buchloh, eds. Andy Warhol. Vol. 2. MIT Press, 2001.

[1] Howard Pyle: A Record of His Illustrations and Writings. Wilmington society of the fine arts, 1921.

[2] Howard Pyle: A Record of His Illustrations and Writings. Wilmington society of the fine arts, 1921.

[3] Allan, Rohin. “Walt Disney and Europe.” Visual Resources 14, no. 3 (1999): 275-295.

[4] Barker, Jennifer Lynde. The aesthetics of antifascist film: radical projection. Vol. 19. Routledge, 2013.

[5] Segal, Eric J. “Norman Rockwell and the fashioning of American masculinity.” The Art Bulletin 78, no. 4 (1996): 633-646.

[6] Pease, Donald E. Theodor Seuss Geisel. Oxford University Press, 2010.

[7] Alderson, Brian. Ezra Jack Keats: Artist and Picture-book Maker. Pelican Publishing, 1994.

[8] Warhol, Andy, Annette Michelson, and Benjamin HD Buchloh, eds. Andy Warhol. Vol. 2. MIT Press, 2001.

[9] Merschel, Michael (April 16, 2012). “Marc Brown on Arthur’s nose job and other vital issues”. Dallas News. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

[10] Unno, Hiroshi. Amano: The Complete Prints of Yoshitaka Amano Collins Design: November 4, 2003.

[11] Hamashige, Hope (January 30, 1995). “The Short, Graphic Career of David Halili: Controversy over an Ice-T rap album he designed hasn’t hurt”. LA Times.

[12] Scieszka, Jon, illustrated by Daniel Adel, The Book that Jack Wrote, New York, Viking, 1994,