Theories Model of Use and Abuse, Essay Example

Addiction has been theorized as a prolonged, deteriorating disorder with origin in both impulsivity and compulsivity and with neurobiological mechanisms that adjusts as an individual moves from one dominion to another. Of the three theories of use and abuse, Biological and psychological theories mostly put emphasis on individualistic factors. Biological theories assumes that particular bodily mechanisms in individuals that urge or inspire them to experiment with drugs or abuse them when exposed to them. Psychological theory stresses on the mechanism of personalities of the drug user and reinforcement. Biological theory explains this addictive theory into two theories: Genetic and theory of imbalance. Genetic factors emphasizes that the genetic makeup of personalities prompts them to drug abuse. A gene influences the particular biological mechanisms pertinent to drug abuse. Research focused on alcoholism illustrates that adopted children have high rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents than those of their adoptive parents do. A study done by Koala revealed that 38 percent of children born of alcoholics become addicts as opposed to 10 percent of the universal population (Abadinsky, 2013). It suggests a genetic predisposition towards alcoholism, which says that alcoholism is inherent from parents (Abadinsky, 2013). It shows that, forty percent of the children born by alcoholics display lower sympathy to alcohol. It revealed that male children who did not take alcohol but their fathers were alcoholics had brainwaves considerably dissimilar from males from the nonalcoholic. These inherited mechanisms either physical or biological differences are likely to lead to compulsive, critical, and long-lasting drinking habits.

Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswender developed metabolic imbalance (Abadinsky, 2013). This research claims that   heroin addicts grieve from metabolic disorder much as diabetes does. In the event particular individuals start taking narcotics like heroin, a biochemical process occurs and they physiologically start to demand those drugs. The same way the bodies of individuals with diabetes demand insulin. Repetitive doses of those narcotics finish their metabolic cycle, in that case the narcotics acts as stabilizers returning them to normalcy after curbing the deficiency. The opiate drug abuser can never quit from taking the drug since the body is accustomed to the drug and it have to be satisfied with the drug. The psychological theory of reinforcement illustrates the same ideas of metabolism mechanism. A research conducted by McAuliffe, a continued administration of opiates without the knowledge results to craving to take the same drug (Abadinsky, 2013). Use of all drugs cause extremely potent reinforcing effects. These theories work together since they illustrate addiction due to physical composition of the body.

To become a counselor in Nevada, one must hold a degree in master’s or doctoral level or an advanced degree in school counseling from a regionally accredited college or university. Another option is that one can be required to hold a master’s degree and a specialty credential as a National certified Counselor issued by National Board for Certified Counselor (Abadinsky, 2013). The third requirement can be one must have a master’s degree or a more advanced degree with a major in counseling conferred by a regionally accredited college or university. The forth qualification can either be one must hold  master’s degree or advanced degree from an accepted college or university and at least two years of teaching experience and thirty six semester hours in guidance and counseling.

References

Abadinsky, H. (2013). Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York, NY:      Cengage Learning