Type 2 Diabetes Is Non-Pharmacologic Therapy, Essay Example

In Type2 Diabetes Is Non-Pharmacologic Therapy as Effective as Pharmacology Therapy?

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to analyze various peer-reviewed articles to answer a PICOT question. There are nine articles that come from three databases: Medline, CINHAL, and Google Scholar. An in-depth analysis of these articles will be conducted.

Database Analysis

Google Scholar

1. “Nonpharmacologic Therapy and Exercise in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes” (Tuomilehto, MD, MPOLSC, PHD 2009)
2. This was a research study.
3. The study was quantitative.
4. The study reviewed research reports of those with type 2 diabetes.
5. The setting is not specified.
6. Research reports detail the effects of nonpharmocologic interventions.
7. The results show that those with impaired glucose tolerance who received lifestyle advice had significantly lower incidence of diabetes than those without the advice.
8. Non-pharmacology therapy is effective in preventing type 2 diabetes.
9. Various sources cite the benefits of non-pharmacology therapy in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

“Managing Type 2 Diabetes Over Time:Lessons From the UKPDS” (Riddle MD 2000)

1. This was a research study.
2. This study is qualitative.
3. A group of people with type 2 diabetes were studied.
4. The study was conducted by the UKPDS and took place in the United Kingdom.
5. Lifestyle advice was given to those with type 2 diabetes.
6. The results have shown that a combination of lifestyle changes and pharmaceuticals are effective for treating type 2 diabetes.
7. The article analyzes the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods.
8. Various studies have shown that a balanced approach is effective for treating type 2 diabetes.

“Dietary Advice for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults” (Nield et al 2007)

1. 1. This was a research study.
   2. This study is quantitative.
   3. Individuals with diabetes were studied.
   4. The setting for the study is unknown.
   5. Various special diets were assigned to those who participated in the trial.
   6. The author concludes that there are no high quality data sources that explicitly state the effectiveness of dietary change as a treatment for diabetes.
   7. The article evaluates a variety of articles that compare the effectiveness of pharmacological and non pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes.
   8. The article uses several sources with a total of eighteen trials and almost 1500 participants to draw his conclusions.

CINAHL

1. “Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated diabetic patients: a longitudinal evaluation of its impact on metabolic control” (Franciosi et al 2004)
2. This was a case study.
3. The study was qualitative.
4. Clinicians and patients were used for this study.
5. The article does not explicitly state the setting for the study.
6. Patients were asked to complete questionnaires at six month intervals for three years. Information was collected from clinicians who were participating at the same time.
7. SMBG did not result in better metabolic control over the three-year follow-up. However, when SMBG was used to prevent hypoglycemic episodes it was found to be effective.
8. Diabetic patients were non-insulin treated and self-monitored. The article evaluates the use of non-pharmacologic treatment’s efficacy on type2 diabetes.
9. 1, 896 patients were evaluated over a three year period.

“Part 2: Dietary And Lifestyle Factors In The Management Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus” (Boylan 2007)

1. This is a research study.
2. The study is qualitative.
3. Persons with pre-diabetes were studied.
4. The article does not explicitly state the setting for this study.
5. The effects of various diet types were studied.
6. All types of fats should be consumed in moderation. A diet consisting of less than 30% unsaturated fat is ideal.
7. Diet changes are considered non-pharmacological approaches to treating diabetes. The article suggests appropriate diet changes for those diagnosed with diabetes.
8. Various scholarly publications have researched the efficacy of diet changes and their relation to treating diabetes. Changes in diet have been proven effective at managing blood glucose levels.

“Treatment of type 2 diabetes” (Nazarko 2010)

1. This is a research article.
2. The article uses a qualitative approach.
3. People with diabetes were studied.
4. No setting is stated in the article.
5. The article examines the efficacy of lifestyle changes.
6. Regular food intake as well as regular exercise helps manage blood glucose levels.
7. Lifestyle changes can sometimes be effective enough on their own. When they are not, then they should be combined with pharmacological therapy.
8. Several scholarly medical publications, including this one, cite the benefits of non-pharmacological approaches to managing or preventing diabetes.

Medline

1. “Low glycaemic index diet and disposition index in type 2 diabetes (the Canadian trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes): a randomised controlled trial” (Wolever et al 2008)
2. This was a case study.
3. The study was quantitative.
4. Those with diabetes were studied.
5. University teaching hospitals provided the setting.
6. The article examines patients treated by diet alone and those taking insulin.
7. Patients with type 2 diabetes being treated by diet alone increases disposition index.
8. Diet alone is effective for treating some patients with type 2 diabetes.
9. This article mentions the efficacy of diet as a way to manage diabetes. Non-pharmacological approaches have been proven effective.

“Health-related quality of life deficits associated with varying degrees of disease    severity in type 2 diabetes”  (Maddigan et al 2003)

1. This was a case study.
2. The study was qualitative.
3. People with type 2 diabetes were studied.
4. A setting is not explicitly stated within the article.
5. PHC, MHC, and HUI3 (quality of life indicators) were completed by the patients.
6. PHC and MHC were significantly lower for those being treated with insulin than those who were being treated by diet alone.
7. Those with a more severe form of type 2 diabetes should be treated with insulin as well as diet changes.
8. This article and several others note the combined effects of those being treated with both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

“Effects of Aerobic Training, Resistance Training, or Both on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes” (Sigal MD, MPH et al 2007)

1. This is a case study.
2. This is a qualitative study.
3. People with type 2 diabetes were studied.
4. The study was performed in a clinical setting.
5. Aerobic training and resistance training were the interventions in this study.
6. The combined exercise group and the resistance training group experienced a change in hemoglobin.
7. Lifestyle changes can sometimes be effective in treating diabetes. One of the most common lifestyle changes introduced to diabetic patients is exercise. This is considered a non-pharmacologic approach.
8. Exercise has been shown to reduce the symptoms and onset of a number of diseases, including diabetes.

Pick Two

1. “Health-related quality of life deficits associated with varying degrees of disease severity in type 2 diabetes”  (Maddigan et al 2003)
2. “Treatment of type 2 diabetes” (Nazarko 2010)
3. Type 2 diabetes can have a severe impact on a person’s health and quality of life. This article evaluates patients at varying degrees of type 2 diabetes and assesses the effective treatment for each group. Treating diabetes by diet alone is considered a non-pharmacological approach while treating diabetes with insulin is considered pharmacological. The article evaluates those who are being treated by each approach and notes the efficacy of the treatments. The results of this article show that diet alone may be an effective treatment for patients with a less severe form of type 2 diabetes. Those with a more severe form of the disease should generally use a pharmacological approach.
4. This article explains that treatment for diabetes serves the following main purposes: “maintaining normal blood sugar, relieving the symptoms of diabetes, improving quality of life, and preventing complications” (Nazarko 2010). These goals are usually obtained through a special diet or an insulin prescription or both. Non-pharmacological approaches are effective for treating the milder onsets of type 2 diabetes. Pharmacological approaches are generally reserved for patients who have a severe case of the disease and need the insulin in order to stay alive.

References

Boylan, M. (2007). Part 2: Dietary And Lifestyle Factors In The Management Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 13, 15.

Riddle, MD, M. C. (2000). Managing Type 2 Diabetes Over Time: Lessons From the UKPDS  . Diabetes Spectrum, 13(4), 194.

Franciosi, M., Berardis, G. D., & Pellegrini, F. (2005). Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated diabetic patients: a longitudinal evaluation of its impact on metabolic control. Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 22, 900-906.

Sigal, MD, MPH, R. J. (2007). Effects of Aerobic Training, Resistance Training, or Both on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147, 357.

Maddigan, S. L., Majumdar, S. R., & Toth, E. L. (2003). Health-related quality of life deficits associated with varying degrees of disease severity in type 2 diabetes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1, 1.

Nazarko, L. (2010). Treatment of type 2 diabetes. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 4(3), 124.

Nield, L., Moore, H., Cruickshank, K., Vyas, A., Hooper, L., Whittaker, V., et al. (2007). Dietary advice for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, 1002/14651858.CD004097.

MD, MPOLSC, PHD, J. T. (2009). Nonpharmacologic Therapy and Exercise in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. American Diabetes Association, 32(2), S189-S193.

Wolever, T. M., Mehling, C., & Chiasson, J. (2008). Low glycaemic index diet and disposition index in type 2 diabetes (the Canadian trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia, 51, 1614.