Emotional Interference, Research Paper Example

Semantic Processing and Neural Substrates, Structural Processing, and The Lateral Occipital Complex; Neural processing for individual categories of objects; then onto the contextual facilitation and conditions affecting successful object recognition performance; much of this intimidating combination of psychological concepts and catchphrases will herein be both defined and illustrated accordingly. This will focus on the Neural Substrates along with, the yin-to-the-yang so well here here that the abnormal psychology that has come about in enough patients so that medical science can place a title and a diagnosis to it. Since this is a four-page assignment, I will also have room to touch on the abnormal psychology within impaired familiarization; after all, Recognition Memory is purely based around what we recognize and draw a familiarity. Neural substrates structural processing, which is composed of the lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition; functional specialization in the ventral stream, semantic processing, the dorsal and ventral stream; and then some of the details involved with the abnormal psychology herein will be the focus of this essay.

An acute component of both visual and auditory perception resides in Object Recognition. Several variables can exist in varying shades of most colors. Still, though, the colors are visually recognized as unitary perceptual events that are recurrently shifting background against a larger whole (i.e., red, blue, yellow). Rapid central adaptation to background colors in combination with this recognition system, comprised of acknowledgement and then identification, enable us to label an object. This represents supporting neuropsychological alongside developmental evidence, which is then reinforced by neural circuitry. The fluctuations within an object-recognition approach are then embraced, with emphasis on the commonly regarded importance of memory, and representations characterized by several different modes of occurrence.

“Object recognition is the ability to perceive an object’s physical properties (such as shape, colour and texture) and apply semantic attributes to the object, which includes the understanding of its use, previous experience with the object and how it relates to others” (Enns, 2004).

Functional specialization within the ventral stream regards neural processing for individual categories of objects. Neural substrates structural processing, which is composed of the lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition, pertains to the nerves that are positioned in a region of the spinal axis. Ultimately, this neural arch composes the set of brain structures that emphasize a specific behavior or psychological state (Spiridon, Fischl, Kanwisher, 2006). Selected regions amongst the diversity of proposed functional specialization within the ventral stream have been observed in functional imaging studies. The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) exhibits amplified operatives when faces are compared with objects, the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) for scenes against objects; the Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) for body parts against objects; MT+/V5 for moving stimuli vs. static stimuli, and the Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC) for discernible shapes vs. scrambled stimuli are the brain regions most consistently found to display functional specialization (Spiridon, Fischl, Kanwisher, 2006).

Regarding semantic processing, semantic processing alongside structural, color, and associative details may very well be discriminatorily impaired due to “dissociations of recognition processing” (Kellenbach, Hovius, Patterson, 2005). Local neural separations alongside neural systems alike further employ recently developed models: “The existence of such dissociations has been used to create highly articulated ‘box and arrow’ models, where each box is held to represent the neural system (whether localizable or not) responsible for the processing of that particular type of information” (Hay and Young, 1982; Bruce and Young, 1986; Ellis, 1986).

Getting back to the the dorsal stream, the dorsal and ventral stream are the why and the how: Two processing courses of action are a division of the visual processing of objects in the brain: the dorsal stream (how and where), which extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobes and ventral stream (what), which extends from the visual cortex to the Inferotemporal Cortex; the how and where are signified by the dorsal stream; the what is typified by the parietal lobes alongside the visual cortex.

Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) initially put forward the idea of the existence of two separate visual processing pathways. The neural focus is on the ventral stream; the visual spatial information concerns the dorsal stream. In fact, it came based upon the lesion studies that this submission originally suggested that the involvement of the processing of visual spatial information exists within the dorsal stream. Object recognition is discerned through (by means of) the dorsal pathway: “The distinction between category and attribute in semantic representation may inform the ability to assess semantic function in aging and disease states affecting semantic memory, such as in Alzheimer’s disease” (Hajilou & Done, 2007).

Also, the Neural Substrates category here is also reflective of its share of Abnormal Psychology. Alzheimer’s disease is one impediment that can be traced to Semantic Processing and Neural Substrates. This will likely inform our ability to assess the processes of semantic function and generalized semantic functioning within aging and disease states affecting semantic memory with regard to this illustrative semantic (Done, Hajilou, 2007). Lesions within the ventral stream might also be an affliction. With pertinence to any form of Neural Substrates (functional specialization in the ventral stream, semantic processing, the dorsal and ventral stream), the ventral stream has pathological traces of even academic mistrust because it reflects upon several areas of the brain. Visual Agnosias is the most vague of the three; since this might result from a stroke, dementia, head injury, brain infection, or hereditary, this demonstrates how it is the vaguest of the three disorders mentioned.

Regions of the brain that most are commonly discovered to inaugurate and display functional specialization are the Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) for scenes versus objects, the Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) for body parts versus objects, MT+/V5 for moving stimuli vs. static stimuli, and the Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC) for discernable shapes vs. scrambled stimuli and the Fusiform Face Area (FFA); this demonstrates an increase in activation for faces when compared with objects (Spiridon, Fischl, Kanwisher, 2006).

In conclusion, the details alongside the psychological abnormalities of Semantic Processing and Neural Substrates help us correlate and better understand these both apart and as a part of the greater whole. Structural Processing, The Lateral Occipital Complex, and Neural processing for individual categories of objects are next to dissect and digest, while holding these similarities in focus as both a family on their own and as a segment of the greater whole. The contextual facilitation and conditions affecting successful object recognition performance help us correlate and better understand these Neural Substrates and then build a greater desire, up to a peak interest, to better locate the rest of the yin-to-the-yang as additional branches from the same base of neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition.

The neural substrates and structural processing, the lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition, functional specialization in the ventral stream, semantic processing, the dorsal and ventral stream, and then some of the details involved with the abnormal psychology have now been understood as a family of their own; for a better analogy, a branch of the same neurological tree.

Bibliography

Enns, J. T. (2004). The Thinking Eye, The Seeing Brain: Explorations in Visual Cognition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Spiridon, M., Fischl, B., & Kanwisher, N. (2006). Location and spatial profile of category-specific regions in human extrastriate cortex. Human Brain Mapping.

Marr, D., & Nishihara, H. (1978). Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

Kellenbach, M., Hovius, M., & Patterson, K. (2005). A PET study of visual and semantic knowledge about objects. Cortex.

Abnormal Psychology

Bachevalier, J., Beauregard, M., & Alvarado, M. C. (1999). Long-term effects of neonatal damage to the hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex on object discrimination and object recognition in rhesus monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience.

Ward, J. (2006). The Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Psychology Press.

Hajilou, B. B., & Done, D. J. (2007). Evidence for a dissociation of structural and semantic knowledge in dementia of the alzheimer type (DAT). Neuropsychologia.

Young, A.W., McWeeny, K.H., Hay, D.C., and Ellis, A.W., 1986a. Access to identity-specific semantic codes from familiar faces. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol., 38A: 271-295.