Obesity, Annotated Bibliography Example

American Dietetic Association, Total Diet Approach to Communicating Food and Nutrition Information. Retrieved October 7, 2005 from http://www.eatright.org/Member/PolicyInitiatives/index_21027.cfm

The ADA does not advocate a strong stance on fad diets. They rather recommend that individuals achieve weight loss through eating healthy. Some of the more specifics are no more than 20-35% of calories from fat. Increased lean meats, fruits and proper calories will assist in weight loss. They also recommend that individuals wanting to lose weight decrease calories and increase exercise to have good results, as well as maintain health.

Boutelle, K.N., Kirschenbarim, D.S. (1998). Further Support For Consistent Self-Monitoring As A Vital Component Of Successful Weight Control. Obesity Research. 6(3): 219-224.

Individuals that attempt to lose weight though self-monitored measures usually engage in an exercise regimen and reduce their calories. Other factors or behaviors that individuals commonly engage in are life style changes, meal pattern changes and eating healthier types of foods. Other things that are recommended for healthy weight loss is small meals and increased exercise.

Burton, P., & Brown, W. (2011). The mechanism of weight loss with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: induction of satiety not restriction. International Journal Of Obesity, 35S26-S30

Burton and Brown found that laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding are effective, but also has some controversy surrounding the procedure. The LAGB procedure creates a tiny pouch for the stomach that is meant to reduce hunger by allowing the stomach to fill up quicker. While it has been proven effective there are also some questions and concerns about long term consequences or problems that weight loss individuals could experience.

Eisenstein, J., Roberts, S. B., Dallal, G., & Saltzman, E. (2002). High-protein Weight-loss Diets: Are They Safe and Do They Work? A Review of the Experimental and Epidemiologic Data. Nutrition Reviews, 60(7), 189-200.

Dieting usually consist of greatly restricting the amount to food that a person takes in. When this happens nutrition and vitamins are often reduced greatly. Individuals, who limit nutritional intake greatly can increase problems such as kidney stones, uric stones and other problematic kidney functions. Issues such as high blood pressure and increased levels of carcinogens. Higher level of carcinogens have been proved to cause cancers.

Ert?n, H., & Özaltay, B. (2011). Some ethical reflections on weight-loss diets. Turkish Journal Of Medical Sciences, 41(6), 951-957.

There are ethical concerns that come to light when there is a shift from conventional medications. These implications and problems come from the fact that there is a high level and possibility of abuse with fad diets and weight loss medications. This comes from misguided information, over prescribing, inappropriate marketing and harmful toxins.

Fabricatore, A., Wadden, T., Higginbotham, A., Faulconbridge, L., Nguyen, A., Heymsfield, S., & Faith, M. (2011). Intentional weight loss and changes in symptoms of depression: a Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal Of Obesity, 35(11), 1363-1376.

Weight loss is associated with a decrease in depression and improved mood. This study found that there is no difference between medical intervention and a change in lifestyle when it comes to weight loss. The purpose of the study was to find if weight loss medication and fad diets actually had better success than old fashioned dieting the healthy way.

Gibbs, W. & Wayt, W. (2005, June). Obesity: An Overblown Epidemic? Scientific American, Vol. 292, Issue 6, 70.

Defines obesity and assists in defining body mass index. Suggests that obesity is a BMI that exceeds 30. Obesity causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually, and is the second leading cause of preventable deaths. Summarizing the extent and damage caused by obesity assists in understanding the fad diet craze that is prevalent in society.

Hendricks EJ, Greenway FL. A study of abrupt phentermine cessation in patients in a weight management program. Am J Ther. 2011 Jul;18(4):292-9.

Phentermine was approved safe by the FDA, however after years of use it was shown to have grave consequences. While the drug showed great results and high levels of weight loss, individuals who used the product experienced serious health problems. It was proven to increase cardiac valvulopathy. There have been applications to reapply for FDA approval, however has been denied because of the proven heart related concerns.

Hinton, P. S., Scott Rector, R. R., Donnelly, J. E., Smith, B. K., & Bailey, B. B. (2010). Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 64(4), 392-399

Total body bone mineral content and density during weight loss and maintenance on a low- or Recommended-dairy weight-maintenance diet in obese men and women.

A 12 week study, consisting of 49 men and 64 women determined that dairy or calcium in moderate weight reduction would assist in preventing bone loss. There is a large concern over nutritional deficits when individuals are dieting. These deficits can lead to poor health, bone loss and organ damage. If a diet has an appropriate among of vitamin D it does not affect bone loss and assists in preventing some health concerns.

Kramer, C. K., Leitão, C. B., Pinto, L. C., Canani, L. H., Azevedo, M. J., & Gross, J. L. (2011). Efficacy and safety of topiramate on weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized Controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 12e338-e347.

A study was conducted of 3320 individuals that used topiramate to lose weight. The study was conducted over 10 trials, to determine the results and health concerns that were caused. The results showed that there were adverse effects. The side effects from topiramate, which is marketed as herbal, were paraesthesia, taste impairment, withdrawal, and psychomotor disturbance. This suggests that topiramate is actually addictive and individuals, who used the product did report some withdrawal symptoms when they ceased use.

Moyad, M. A. (2004). Fad Diets and Obesity – Part II: An Introduction to the Theory BehindLow-Carbohydrate Diets. Urologic Nursing, 24(3), 210-213.

Low calorie fad diets reduce lipoprotein or good cholesterol and increase the triglycerides. This leads to a raid absorption of glucose, which causes a person’s health to suffer. High cholesterol can lead to heart damage, thereby increasing the risk of heart disease. Improper nutrition decreases individual’s mental, physical and physiological health.

Mullard, A. (2012). Fat Busters. New Scientist, 214(2860), 32-35.

According to Mullard, there has been an amphetamine craze based on the desire to increase weight loss. Stimulants affect the serotonin receptors which causes changes in hormones. It works because the signals form the brain to the gut for the release of insulin to the pancreas can change heart rhythm and how organs function. These changes can lead to detrimental health problems.

Ozdemir, B., Sahin, I., Kapucu, H., Celbis, O., Karakoc, Y., Erdogan, S., & Onal, Y. (2013). How safe is the use of herbal weight-loss products sold over the Internet?. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 32(1), 101-106.

Herbal weight loss products are sold rapidly over the internet. Many contain herbal ingredients like tramine, caffeine and temazepam. These products are sold as herbal or natural products, which are claims that unsuspecting individuals trust. Instead these products sometimes toxins, such as Pb, Al, Ni and Ba that are toxic metals. Incredibly there are no laws or restrictions that regulate herbal products.

Porubsky, M., Powelson, J. A., Selzer, D. J., Mujtaba, M. A., Taber, T., Carnes, K. L., & Fridell, A. (2012). Pancreas transplantation after bariatric surgery. Clinical Transplantation, 26(1), E1-E6.

According to Porubsky, et al, fad diets are less effective than bariatric surgery procedures. Bariatric surgery was found to have a longer lasting success rate when compared to fad dieting. Morbidly obese patients were found to have longer term results with bariatric surgery when compared to fad diets. This is especially important for patients, who need to lose weight before medical or surgical procedures.

Rodgers, S. & Thorson, E. (2001, April). The Reporting of Crime and Violence in the Los Angeles Times: Is There a Public Health Perspective? Journal of Health Communication, Vol. 6, 169-182.

The economic impact of obesity is calculated through the health risks and financial burdens that are placed on the individual as well as health costs. Risk factors are considered to be heart disease, cancer and other personal consequences like not being able to work. This burdens the health care field, as well as social assistance within the country.

Saltzman, E., Thomason, P., & Roberts, S. B. (2001). Fad Diets: A Review for the Primary Care Provider. Nutrition In Clinical Care, 4(5), 235-242.

In the United States there are 44% of women and 29% of men trying to lose weight at any given time. Many of these turn to fad diets as an easy way to lose weight. Most are very low carbohydrate diets that lead to low levels of hydration, vitamin deficiencies and hpercholesterol.

Sklar, H. (2011). Diet Doctors Gone Wrong. Health (Time Inc.), 25(5), 112.

Diet doctors sometimes prescribed medications that are not safe for patients. Regardless of the health concerns, weight loss prescriptions are given and can lead to problems such as heart issues, blood pressure problems. Patients assume that the prescription is safe because the doctor has prescribed it. Individuals must be educated and regulations should be implemented to provide the harmful consequences that can occur based on the medication prescribed

Tanner, A. (2004, Spring). Communicating Health Information and Making the News: Health Reporters Reveal the PR Tactics That Work. Public Relations Quarterly, Vol. 49 Issue 1, 24-27.

The media plays a large role in people’s health and the decisions that they make. Diet choices and medications are sometimes based on the advertising and materials that are read on the internet or other advertisements. As a result there are restrictions on media about honest, however many people can still be tricked into believing false claims that make a product seem normal or safe.

U.S. Health & Human Services. National Institute of Health. Online http:win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/prescription.html

Prescription weight loss is only approved for individuals with a BMI of over 30. And not recommended for less than a BMI of 30 unless they have obesity related conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure or dyslipidemia. There are over 12 prescriptions and over the counter medications to treat obesity. The numbers of prescriptions and medications continue growing and there are some abuses and misuses of the medications resulting in health concerns.

Whelan, A. M., Jurgens, T. M., & Szeto, V. V. (2010). Efficacy of Hoodia for weight loss: is there evidence to support the efficacy claims?. Journal Of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, 35(5), 609-612.

With high levels of obesity and the negative health concerns, there is a great push to lose weight. People usually fall into fad diets and look for easy ways to find weight loss medication. Online pharmacies are commonly used to get fad diet medication. Online pharmacies located in Canada, are not regulated by the Canadian Licensed Natural Health product database, meaning that the medication may not be regulated for safety or potential ingredients. Weight loss is associated with a decrease in depression and improved mood. There are clear health benefits to weight loss, however when inappropriate weight loss options are used. This research shows that fad diets can be detrimental and the best way to make change is to change lifestyle and eating habits.