Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Outline Example

Introduction

• Significance of the Problem

According to the National Institute for Mental Health (Kessler, Demler, Walters, 2005),    one percent of the adult population in the United States experienced obsessive compulsive disorder. Half of these cases were severe. The most affected age group is 30-44. According to Subramaniam et al. (2012, p. 2035), “the World Health Organization has identified obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) to be among the top 20 causes of years of life lived with disability for 15- to 44 -year olds”.

• Definition

Commonly accepted definition and criteria of diagnosis (Thomsen, 2013)

• Directions for Research

The below paper is designed to review the risks associated with obsessive compulsive disorder; attempting to reveal patterns, determine high-risk groups and the most successful treatment options by reviewing case studies and clinical research publications.

Literature Review

• Commonly Known Causes

Taylor, Asmundson and Jang (2011) state that etological factors play a significant role in the development of OC and OC disorder. Further, the authors also analyzed environmental factors, related to different behaviors associated with the mental illness.

Childhood trauma was examined as one of the potential causes of dissociative symptoms related to OCD. (Belli et al., 2013) Taylor et al. (2011) examined the different correlations between activities associated with obsessive compulsive disorder, Further, the report revealed some important aspects of client personality traits associated with the mental illness.

• Review the DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 symptom criteria

Taylor et al. (2011) quote Hollander et al. (2008) that OCD should not be classed as an anxiety disorder, but be put into a new category: OC spectrum disorders when carrying out DSM-V analysis.

Statistical Data

• Prevalence

Crimo et al. (2005) analyzed the prevalence of DSM-III and DSM-IV OCD in Australia. There was a difference in the one-month and 12-month prevalence. Among men the most affected population was aged 35-54. Among women, those aged between 18 and 54 were equally affected.

• Incidence
•  Risk Factors and Differences in Prevalence Across Groups
• Analysis of results found by Crimo et al. (2005

Treatments and Related Research

• Cognitive-behavioral Therapy

Comparison based on research. (Jonsson, Hougaard and Bennedsen, 2011)

Clinical Research (Jonson et al., 2011) compared the outcomes of group and individual ?ognitive behavioral therapies. The authors also determined some important predictors for treatment outcomes.

• Medications and Their Impact on the Nervous System – Clinical Trials

Zurowski et al. (2012) examined the relevance of orbitofrontal neurochemistry related to cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes. The authors stated that non-invasive methods are preferred when creating a treatment plan.

 At Risk Groups and Demographic Differences in Prevalence

• Women and men

Braber et al. (2013) examined the brain structure of two Dutch twins in order to determine sex differences through MRI scan. The authors found that “sex could be a potential source of heterogeneity in brain imaging outcomes on OC symptomatology.”. (p. 520)

• Ethnic minority individuals

Asian population survey (Subramaniam et al. 2012) found socio-economic correlates during the study.

Case example

• Description of client symptoms
• Characteristics of the client
• Severity of the symptoms
• Impact on the client’s life
• Description of treatment for the symptoms

Conclusion

• Summary of Findings
• Implications for Mental Health Professionals

References

Belli, H., Yesilyurt, S., Vardar, M., Akbudak, M., Oncu, F. (2013) Childhood trauma and dissociation in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. West Indian Med J 2013; 62   (1): 39

Braber, A., de Geus, E., Boosma, D., van ‘t Ent, D. (2013) Obsessive–compulsive symptoms and related sex differences in brain structure: an mri study in dutch twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics. Vol. 16. No. 2; 516-524

Crino, R., Slade, T., Andrews, G. (2005)  The changing prevalence and severity of obsessive-?ompulsive disorder criteria from DSM III to DSM-IV.  Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:876–882

Hollander E, Braun A, Simeon D. (2008) Should OCD leave the anxiety disorders in DSM-V?   The case for obsessive–compulsive related disorders. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:317–329

Jonsson, H., Hougaard, E., Bennesden, B. (2011) Randomized comparative study of group versus individual cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Acta   Psychiatr Scand 2011: 123: 387–397

Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of    twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS- R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27.

Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Vaingakar, J., Chong, S. (2012) Obsessive–compulsive disorder: prevalence, correlates, help-seeking and quality of life in a multiracial Asian population.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2012) 47:2035–2043

Taylor, S., Asmudson, G., Jang, K. (2011) Etiology of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and obsessive-compulsive personality traits: common genes, mostly different environments. Depression And Anxiety 28 : 863–869

Thomsen, P. (2013) Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry  22 (Suppl 1):S23–S28 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012