Threats to Validity of Research Design, Essay Example

In the field of social science, the benefits are numerous. This id due to the fact that the group randomization and obtaining the results from local traditions. The randomization of the groups is required before conducting any experiments for resource allocation. The benefits related to the experimentation of quasi are that the manipulations can be selected by the experimenter. In fact, the experimenters have no choice over the manipulations but in quasi experiments the researcher can control the manipulations. During the research regarding quasi experiments the researchers can choose the groups that turn down the possibilities of major concerns related to restrictions and limitations. If the research is conducted without obtaining randomization and statistical tests then the experiment results would be vague. The randomization process helps to collect   valuable data to research which is very important to achieve perfect results. There is a threat to the inside validity if the groups that we are using for our experiment is not equal.  In the quasi experiment the inequality of the groups are less likely however the unequal groups can affect the positivity of the final results.

There is a chance of unequal groups that can be obtained via random assignments. If the groups are created randomly the there is a chance that the groups can equate over all the known and unknown elements that are present in the experiment. The powerful element in the experiment is the control methods such as random groups generating.

Initially, the contestants are scrutinizing along with the assigned groups and finding out the differences of variables present in groups. The irrelevant variables that are discovered in the groups are mostly variables that are dependent and can be considered for further explanation. Furthermore, the explanation can be given until these variables are controlled by the experimentation. After completing this procedure, the experimentations should discover about the results related to the differences occurred before testing. This difference can be occurred by the independent variable before testing. The difference can affect the final results that are determined after testing. In addition, the difference that is occurred before test must be controlled by the experimentation otherwise it is considered as a substitute explanation in other words it’s a threat.

The before test and after test are generally randomized only as a structure for the non-equivalent groups. The most common and easy way to determine the intervention effectiveness is to conduct the before test and after test of a non-equivalent groups under randomized research.  However, this method contains a lot of vulnerabilities and has fewer opportunities.

The most common and effective way is to test the non-equivalent with the before test and after test experiment to determine the effectiveness of the research interventions.

In order to compare the groups equally and effectively the Cross-sectional-Cross-sectional research techniques can be used. This technique helps to determine the results easily and rapidly. The results are determined on the basis of group similarity. In fact, we do not need to wait for the group to change instead the cross-sectional techniques compare the groups at a same time.

The fundamental effects can be provoked by the   Regression-Discontinuity as it is a -quasi-experimental before test and after test design. This can be prepared by mentioning a deadline or by conveying a threshold for the interventions. These interventions can be present above or below the assigned design. The effects of casual average treatment on the environment can be determine by the observing closely the results by the randomization of thresholds.

The experiment design, in the original event orders, is a planned interference conducted by the research team. Likewise, the experiment design interprets regarding the relationships that are opposed to a simple description. The Quasi experiment design that facilitates the researchers to monitor and control the task as per the treatment disorder

Conclusion related to this experiment for this research is that there is no false designs are present only wrong implementations of designs are made.

Advantages

a randomization procedure is unbearable and immoral then only the quasi-experiments are mostly implemented.  In addition, the quasi-experimental is usually cast-off to diminish the threats along with outside energy as normal environments. In order to establish the connection between the groups used by quasis experiment and their impacts the experimenters could also made a choice for quasi-experiments.  The groups are designed by persons that who demonstrate their interest in examination (Trochim& Land, 1982). Therefore, the experimentations are kept away from morals, provisional obligations while conducting the research.

Disadvantage

The non-valuable information can also be determined by a research group that is included in the research. This is due to the fact that the research may also contain some randomness. Moreover, in quasi-experimental design the disadvantage lies in its design, because the design does not use ant sample research study and does not support control groups,

The experiment does not include any error defining element therefore the reaction of defendants includes the faulty information that could not be effortlessly assessed and controlled. Hence, it is considered as the core vulnerability of a quasi-experimental design. The core vulnerability of this research design because it was not able to control the previously occurred threats. For instance, the inside forces (California State University., 2006).

In this study the groups are equal at the start and end of the experiment as mentioned by the experimentation. However, after randomizing the groups are not equals mentioned by the members included in the experiment. This is due to the fact that the designs proposed in this study and the results before test and after test are not equal. The group designs are generally made to indicate the difference between income, sex, and race.

The influence is made based on the presence of any threat. The research is also based on this point. Likewise, the results of this study can be presented via the design or measures that are preventive in nature. For instance, if one needs to acquire about the new education program along with the impacts in the successive accomplishments for marking the gains.

If there is any vulnerability, it is quite probable that it can be exploited by a threat any time and can severely impact the results of this research. Likewise, the results of this study and research need to be presented via assistance of a design along with preventive controls. For instance, if one needs to inquire about new applications associated with education and its impact that maybe directly proportional in getting the desired scores.

Co-variation: It is quite obvious that the modification applied in the assumptions can also be related to the modifications available in the accepted affects. Likewise, if any breach occurs affecting the new program associated with education, we should prepare our self to incorporate the changes and reflect them in the result s along with its positivity or negativity.

Cross-sectional

In this research, the Cross-sectional research technique is used in order to determine the involved inhabitants or a characteristic related to the subset. This can be conducted at some specific time intervals. These experiments related to the Cross-sectional are also elaborated to gather the information that is related to the pre explained data time. It is used to access the occurrence of critical, register analysis of the diseases and its causes that are affecting the research.  Moreover, the Cross-sectional readings also comprise a particular information that is a combination of questions and information related to the previous studies (Public Health Action Support Team., 2011).

Regression-Discontinuity

For the evaluation of the underlying effects of the interventions, the regression discontinuity (RD) design technique is utilized. In addition, for the data design the quasi experimental designs are used as it is a part of RD regression discontinuity. The RD includes all the elements that represent in data designing in the field of economics and other software. In order to conduct a research, the RD can be valid as a long term technique used by the experimentations.  The discontinuities are generally applicable in the research of this design. Therefore, Regression discontinuity technique is used by the researchers for the determination of right and precise results (Trochim, 2006). However, the information can only be identified by this procedure and the results can be calculated easily.

The experimental design provides an indication with an evidence based assembly that is utilized via a research team associated with the physical science. Likewise, the reason is because the design of the research assists the research team for monitoring and controlling the laboratory, recurrence of experiments and the casualty determining the significance. For this reason, the design of the research cannot be applied in the processes along with the human services as well. The mentioned issue cannot take place in the design of the quasi experiment, as it is utilized more frequently when compared to the experimental design (Trochim& Land, 1982). Moreover, the mutual comparison based on these differences and similarities assists the research team to develop assumptions regarding the results associated with the treatment of this research (Jackson, 2010).

The study was conducted to analyze the response of French speaking children towards the English television programs and advertisements.

The researcher Goldberg has conducted a research. This research states on the basis of experiment that the television advertisement influences children and affect their preferences based on the TV shows they are watching. The choices of children are manipulated by the television commercials of juices and snacks. This study was conducted on the children and the results were extracted after completion of the experiment. The previous research can be used as a base for conducting next experiments. The results from the previous research have revealed that there is a significant impact on the behavior of children after watching television programs and commercials (Goldberg, 1990). Furthermore, Goldberg conducts another research on the basis of the results he contained from last research. This new research is based on the concept of how children can be influenced by the toys and television programs. Therefore, after obtaining both the results the research is completed and can be used for further analysis

In this part of article the research is conducted on the advantages and disadvantages of television advertisements and programs on children psychology. According to the Goldberg, the advertisement of toy may manipulate child more rather than its parent. Therefore, there is a clear impact of television advertisement on the child’s psychology. In order to analyze this idea the research has created a mockup group of children. Each group containing maximum 5 children aged 8 years old. The experiment starts by show them a cartoon channel along with the orange juice and snacks advertisement 5 minutes daily (Goldberg, 1990).  After two weeks of study a result is collected. The result shows how the choice of children are manipulated as they only select that brand of juice and snack whose advertisement they were seeing since two weeks.

For the research study there are numerous variables are present that are used in this research. These variables are dependent as well as independent. In this research the independent variables are the ACTV program and the language that is spoken by the children. In addition, the ACTV program serves as an independent group which is present in the main group of language variable (Goldberg, 1990). The dependent variables that are present in this research are cereals and children toys. The dependent variable has its dependency on the children as every child is different and can choose the product differently.

In order to recognize the children behaviors towards television programs and toys then a research was conducted in collaboration with the Goldberg and quasi-experimental enterprise. This study was based on the American Network and it provides multiple assessing techniques related to child awareness.  In addition, the hypothesis is formed by the researcher Goldberg in order to obtain the results related to the research. On the contrary, the design that is created by the Goldberg would help to obtain the desired results because in this study the researcher will define the fundamental relationships that are built between children and natural environment. Moreover, the desired results can be determined by the researchers through another procedure i.e. survey method.

The designs that are proposed by the investigator reveal that there are some inner and outer security risks. In addition, the threats are related to the test results that are addressed by the investigators. The test results previously show the effects of TV advertisements and the reaction of children towards them. The behavior of children is analyzed in this experiment by the researchers. The results can be changed by changing the instruments that are used in first experiment.

In order to conduct the experiment the experimentations also mentioned all the elements that are being used in the Research. The research is based on the observations collected by experimenting on the children. However, if the observation is changed due to whatever factors then we cannot get the desired results (Ohlund&Yu, n.d.). Therefore, for the two weeks the experiment is conducted without changing any elements. Moreover, a creative television program is used by the experimentations to eliminate the external threats. This television program is created along with the advertisements that help in reduction of effects that are present previously. On the contrary, the reactions related to the experiment are not mentioned by the researchers. The affects related to the threats can interrupt the results that are found in environmental information. This is due to the fact that natural environment can lead towards the non-reliable results after test.

The effects on children after watching the TV advertisements are discussed in this study. The experiment is conducted on the children in a laboratory and can be done without any interference of agents with the help of informal agents. The main purpose of conducting the experiment in a laboratory is because people can be influenced by the natural atmosphere and the thinking of other people. Moreover, conducting the experiment in laboratory over children is due to the fact that child can adopt several action changes by the influence of other persons or natural environments. Therefore, the theory of Goldberg could not be persuaded in this experiment.

References

California State University. (2006). Quasi-Experiments. Retrieved from http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Nonexperimental/quasi.html

Goldberg, M.E. (1990). A Quasi-Experiment Assessing the Effectiveness of TV Advertising Directed to Children.Journal of Marketing Research, 27(4), 445-454.

Jackson, S.L. (2010). Research Methods: A Modular Approach. USA: Cengage Learning. Ohlund, B.&Yu, C. (n.d). Threats to validity of Research Design. Retrieved from http://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/download/PA555/ResearchDesign.html

Public Health Action Support Team. (2011). Cross-sectional Studies. Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1a-epidemiology/cs-as-is/cross-sectional-studies

Shuttleworth, M. (2009). Pretest-Posttest Designs. Retrieved from http://explorable.com/pretest-posttest-designs

Trochim, W. &Land, D. (1982). Designing Designs for Research. The Researcher, 1(1), 1-6.

Trochim, W.M. (2006). Regression-Discontinuity Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statrd.php