Unwanted Pregnancy, Annotated Bibliography Example

Montgomery Advertiser. ¨Alabama teen pregnancy rate drops for fifth consecutive year.¨ Montgomery Advertiser , 7 November 2013. Web. 15 September 2014. http://archivemontgomeryadvertiser.com-article-20131107-NEWS-!·!107012-Alabama-teen-pregnancy-rate-drops-fifth-consecutive

The pregnancy rate for teenagers in the State of Alabama has decreased for the fifth year in a row. This statistical information is in accordance with the information which has been given to the Alabama campaign to prevent teen pregency. The decrease in teenage pregnancies in the State of Alabama was demonstrated over a five year time interval. The trends which have been demonstrated nationally with regards to unwanted pregnancies are founded upon teenage statistics. The Alabama campaign for the prevention of teenage pregnancy reconfigured the information from the ADPH in order to ascertain the teenage pregnancy rate in the State of Alabama (Montgomery Advertiser 1).

In 2007, the teenage pregnancy rate for the State of Alabama was estimated at 75.6 per thousand females. In 2008, the teenage pregnancy rate for the State of Alabama was assessed at 74.1 per thousand female residents. In the year 2009, the teenage pregnancy rate was evaluated at 71.5 per thousand. In 2009, the teenage pregnancy rate was determined at 61.4 per thousand. In 2001 there was a drastic decrease in the number of teen age pregnancies which was at 29.6 per thousand. In 2012 the teenage pregancy rate was estimated at 27.7 per thousand (Montgomery Advertiser 1).

Stanger- Hall, Katherin and David Hall. “Abstinence- only education and teen pregnancy rates: Why we need comprehensive sex education in the U.S.”  PLoS One 6.14(2011): e24658. Web. 15 September 2014. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024658

The United States is one of the foremost nations with regards to the lowest rates of unwanted pregnancy. Over the past decade, the United States government has promoted sexual abstinence programs in all of the states. The State of Alabama was rated as the lowest state with regards to the incidences of unwanted pregnancies. There has been a public debate over the effectiveness of the government programs which have been directed at youthful females with regards to sexual education and abstinence.  Research that has been conducted on the information retrieved from the national databases demonstrates the emphasis that has been placed on sexual abstinence education has caused many of the local unwanted pregnancy rates to decrease (Stanger- Hall e24658).

The State of Alabama has been rated at a positive abstinence level, in addition to giving the legal and policy levels a priority level of three. The legal and policy level have also been rated at three. The priority which has been given to the promotion of sexual abstinence education in order to decrease the unwanted pregnancy rate has placed the State of Alabama at the top of the list. This outstanding position is in regards to the effectiveness of the sexual abstinence education programs in the State of Alabama (Stanger- Hall e24658).

Somerset, Wendy, D Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan et al. “Chapter 4: Depressive disorders in Women from Menarche to menopause.” Ed. Corey Keyes and Sherryl Goodman. Women and depression: A handbook for the social, behavioral and biomedical sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 62- 88. Print.

The article discusses a variety of risk factors for pregnancy. Some of the risk factors for pregnancy are unwanted pregnancy or apathy with regards to the circumstances of the pregnancy, anxieties about bearing and raising additional children and instability with regards to occupation. In addition there are a variety of diverse neuroendocrine modifications that take place when the female is pregnant (Somerset 72).

The article discusses the manner by which the physiological modifications of pregnancy possess similarities with many of the biological foundations of non-gravid major depression.  Research has shown that many young females experience depressive symptoms when they are pregnant. These depressive symptoms could cause the perception of the pregnancy to be undesired. Traditionally pregnancy has been perceived as being a time of healthfulness. There is no evidence that causes pregnancy to be perceived as a protection against medical depressive symptoms. Research has shown that fourteen percent of the women experience depressive symptoms during their pregnancy and that twenty- five percent of the women experience higher levels of depressive symptoms during unwanted pregnancies (Somerset 71).

Henshaw, Stanley. “Chapter 3: Unintended pregnancy and abortion in the USA: Epidemiology and public health impact.” Ed. Maureen Paul, Steve Lichtenberg, Lynn Borgath et al. Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy:            Comprehensive abortion care. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011. Print.

The failure to apply contraceptives during sexual intercourse has the outcome of unwanted pregnancies and abortions. These results take place in the United States more than in any other industrialized Western nation. Research has shown that almost half of the pregnancies in the United States were unwanted. Many of the pregnancies that are not desired convert into being desired and many of the young females have documented that they are content to encounter themselves pregnant (Henshaw Chapter 3).

The attitudes that are initially formed toward the pregnancies vary from being extremely undesired to being extremely desired. This has been demonstrated among the females who had no intention of becoming pregnant. The unintended rates of pregnancies for 2001 were for women who were between fifteen years to forty four years of age. The percentage of unintended pregnancies for the women in this age group in 2001 was fifty- one percent.  The number of pregnancies that concluded with abortions decreased from fifty- four to forty- eight percent. The birthrate for babies that had been unintended was evaluated at twenty- two per thousand females (Henshaw Chapter 3).

Russo, Nancy Felipe and Julia Steinberg. “Chapter 7 Contraception and Abortion:  Critical tools for achieving reproductive justice. “. Ed. Joan C. Christer. Reproductive justice: A global concern. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC- CLIO, 2012. 146- 166. Print.

Conventionally, women have placed a definition on unwanted pregnancy as occurring when the pregnancy is mistimed or taking place when no children are desired. The number of pregnancies that are undesired and mistimed has varied in the studies that have been conducted. . The qualities and the results may differ for the distinct classifications of unintentional pregnancy. A substantial amount of the research that studies reproductive results on pregnancy do not evaluate the desire for pregnancy. The fertility rates that are a result of the undesired births supply an additional indicator of unwanted births. The fertility rate of the unwanted children is computed by finding the difference between the desired fertility and the real total fertility statistics.  The term unwanted pregnancy is applied to denote the women who have pregnancies that are neither desired nor intended. The pregnancies which are concluded by abortions are also included in this evaluation (Russo 147).

In the United States, the indexes of undesired pregnancy have decreased as the applications of contraceptives have become greater. The global unintended pregnancy index in 2008 for women aged fifteen to forty- four was fifty- five per thousand. This statistic represented a substantial decrease from 1969 when the number of women aged between fiteen and forty who became unintentionally pregnant were sixty – nine per thousand births.  The areas of the Caribbean, Latin America and Africa demonstrated the most elevated levels of unintended pregnancies. The Asian continent was the next largest source of the unintended pregnancies, followed by North America, Australia- New Zealand and Europe (Russo 149).

Lee, Nancy Howell. The search for an abortionist: The classic study of how American women coped. New York: Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. 2014. Print.

The author discusses a perspective for unwanted pregnancy that had not been explored. The author questions what should be the woman’s position in the circumstance of forcible rape. The circumstances of rape would probably be at the top of a list with regards to unwanted pregnancies. The second circumstance that the author discusses in this text is what would happen if the child were discovered to have a disease which would have the outcome of a serious deformity. These two questions are explored from the perspective of the author with regards to unwanted pregnancy (Lee 146).

Corby, Pett. How to avoid unplanned pregnancy every time you have sex- without using contraceptives. Lulu.com, 2012. Print.

The author discusses how unwanted pregnancies can be avoided by cleansing internally with water. The author discusses that washing immediately after intercourse can avoid an unwanted pregnancy. The perspective that the author takes is a preventative perspective. In the event that the female wants to avoid an unwanted pregnancy, the male partner should urinate and wash.  The female partner should wash in order to avoid the unwanted pregnancy. The author details that communication between the sexual partners is the best method of avoiding unwanted pregnancy (Corby 5).