Basic Pain Knowledge and Impact of Pain Education, Article Review Example

Introduction

This literature review seeks to provide evidence based data collected from research capable of addressing the PICOT question. It asks do healthcare providers’ knowledge in assessing pain influence pain management in adult patients with pain in the acute care setting? Three subthemes have been created. They are Patient satisfaction with pain assessment techniques; accuracy of providers’ documentations and pain management strategies.

Literature Analysis and Synthesis of Main Theme

The international Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) confirmed that studying pain collaborates numerous professional disciplines since pain management is becoming a critical issue in health care practice. Definitions vary depending on the disease being managed. For example terminally ill individuals’ m may need special evaluation for pain management. Persons involved in car accidents their pain expression could be different. Therefore, assessment measures need to be adjusted when pain estimation level are undertaken under each circumstance ( International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP),  2014).

Studies have shown where knowledge of assessing pain among health care providers have also been a huge challenge. Therefore studies have to be continuous for improvement in the science and patients as well as nurse become more comfortable in expressing and intervening in their pain resolution process (International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2014).

Article 1

Article 1 was written by Gélinas C¹, Arbour C, Michaud C, Robar L, Côté J. (2012). It is entitled ‘Patients and ICU nurses’ perspectives of non-pharmacological interventions for pain management.’ The researchers advanced that pain is a crucial stressor when patients are critically ill. As such, in order to maximize relief from pain   exploring some non-pharmacological interventions may be necessary. The goal was describing patients/family members’ perspectives as well as  nurses regarding establishing   feasibility, relevance  and effectiveness of non-pharmacological  pain interventions when  managing patients in the intensive care unit (ICU)(Gélinas , Arbour , Michaud , Robar , Côté, 2012).

The study design applied was a qualitative descriptive model.  Six (n= 6) patients and family members were recruited for this study. The inclusion criteria were a prior ICU hospitalization experience along with a ICU nursing experience. Thirty two ( n = 32) nurses were included in the research. A discussion guide with a semi structure model was created as part of the data collection procedure. A sharing of experience session was used for participants to engage in lively conversations about their ICU interaction. The perspective was mainly about drugs given and used in the ICU department while either serving as a nurse or being a patient (Gelinas et, al, 2012).

A structured discussion guide was applied to collect data from participants. Information retrieved included sharing perspectives regarding non-pharmacological intervention used in the unit. Specific areas of concern that were discussed involved the effectiveness of the strategy applied; its relevance to the prevailing situation and its impact on the pain resolution. Five interventions were adapted. They included ‘cognitive-behavioral, physical, emotional support, helping with activities of daily living and creating a comfortable environment’ (Gelinas et, al, 2012, p. 12).

No research questions were asked. However the results and conclusions included. From a amount of 8 focus groups the interaction resulted in 33 non-pharmacological interventions being presented for review.  The four major ones were ‘music therapy and distraction (cognitive-behavioural category), simple massage (physical category) and family presence facilitation (emotional support category). Interestingly’ (Gelinas et. al, 2012 p. 12). More importantly the patient segment of participants was very interested in active listening/ reality orientation. Nurses expressed interest in teaching/positioning strategies. These researchers concluded that the interventions discussed were infk3nced by personal experience (Gelinas et. al, 2012)

Article 11

This second article was written by Bakshi, Jain & Kannan (2014).  It is entitled ‘An assessment of basic pain knowledge and impact of pain education on Indian anesthesiologists: A pre and post questionnaire study.’ The researchers’ purpose is to make a determination regarding basic pain knowledge prevalence among Indian anaesthesiologists. Further, they wanted to investigate the extent to which nursing pain knowledge is influenced by pain educational programmes (Bakshi, Jain, & Kannan, 2012).

These researchers realized that pain management has been a global concern. Inadequate management could be due to inappropriate knowledge application among healthcare providers. No research questions were tendered. However, A nine lectures methodology was adapted whereby a pain continuing medical education (CME) program recruiting 114 young anaesthesiologists was executed. A 21-item questionnaire was administered to participants. It was conducted as a pre and post-test model. In the comparatives nature iof this study there were 69 paired responses that were aligned for executing Mc Nemar test consisting of individual questions. Knowledge improvement and levels were evaluated during the tests (Bakshi et.al, 2012).

The study revealed that the current situation regarding essential pain knowledge among young anaesthesiologists is inadequate. However, the major concerns were opioid addiction involving respiratory depression. It was discovered that patients using this drug for pain developed addiction and subsequent respiratory failure. Pre and post tests results showed that pain education was very useful in resolving both intensity long with increasing tolerance of pain. Generally, improving pain management knowledge of both patients and providers is an essential strategy to develop (Bakshi et.al, 2012).

Article 111

The third article is written by Desai, Chaturvedi, Santosh  & Krishnaswamy (2014). It is asks the question ‘Does pain behavior influence assessment of pain severity?’ These researchers goal was to evaluate the nurses’ view on pain self reporting issues. It related to pain reporting being an indicator of its intensity. This study was conducted in a Saudi Arabia hospital. Researchers contend that inadequate knowledge concerning pain assessment in patients could lead to inappropriate management. No research questions were asked. There was a total of twenty three participants (Desai, Chaturvedi, Santosh & Krishnaswamy, 2014).

However, researchers evaluated the way pain was rated. They observed the severity and estimated correctness of ratings. These scenarios were adopted during the evaluation process through role play. Computed data were received and frequency distribution analyses were created. Results proved that most of the nurses involved in the study underestimated the extent of pain basing the rating on numerous factors instead of a single variable. Both the sample and setting were derived from workshop presentations applying focus group discussions and role play activites (Desai et.al, 2014).

Synthesis of framework

Two theoretical perspectives link this PICOT question to the literature review espoused in this presentation. They are Kings’ theory of Goal attainment and Leininger’s Cultural care diversity. In relating goals and the attainment of pain relief during interventions these two theories are very applicable from the point of view that they integrate the a relationship between the n urse and patient in achieving the outcome of pain relief. It then  not an isolated situation where alone by the patient is left to communicate the pain experience and the nurse has no influence  facilitating the process of pain expression.

For example, King’s model explains three systems which intyeract with each other. They are social, personal and interpersonal. These systems are unique in that they have specific concepts that explain how goals are created and achieved. For the personal system concepts emphasized are perception, growth self, growth and development along with how body image is interpreted. This also includes how space and time are perceived concepts relating the interpersonal system  denote communication, interaction, transaction, stress  and role play as was demonstrated in some of the researcher investigation of pain management. Social system roles are contained in articulating power, authority, organization status and decision making interactions (Nursing Theory, 2014).

Leininger’s Cultural care diversity theory adequately addresses how healthcare providers’ knowledge in assessing pain can influence pain management in adult patients with pain in the acute care setting. The essential features of this theory show how nurses ought to integrate the patient’s perception of pian in their assessment of the disorder.

Summary

These three article sought to explain how healthcare providers’ knowledge  of assessing pain influence pain management in adult patients with pain in the acute care setting is limited and need to improve through further or continuous study. This was con frimed by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2014).

References

Bakshi, S. G, Jain, P. N., & Kannan, S. (2014). An assessment of basic pain knowledge and impact of pain education on Indian anesthesiologists: A pre and post questionnaire study. Indian Journal of Anesthesia, 58(2), 127-131

Desai, G., Chaturvedi, S. K., Santosh, K., &Krishnaswamy, L. (2014). Does pain behavior influence assessment of pain severity? Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 20(2), 134-136

Gélinas C¹, Arbour C, Michaud C, Robar L, Côté J. (2012). Patients and ICU nurses’ perspectives of non-pharmacological interventions for pain management Nurs Crit Care. 2013 Nov;18(6):307.

International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)( 2014). Working together for Pain Relief throughout the World. Retrieved on December 13 thr from http://www.iasp-pain.org/

Nursing theory (2014). Goal Attainment.  Retrieved on December 17^th, 2014 from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php