The Chemical Process, Lab Report Example

Introduction

The chemical process will involve the development of products that may not be used immediately. Companies that are involved in the disposal of the waste chemicals take these by products and dispose the products in the right manner. The primary aim of this investigation is to combine two waste products so as to create a solid that will have an ideal use. The general investigation is based on establishing the products in a form that will ensure that they are profitable to the chemical waste company. The available solutions for this investigation will include: Barium Chloride, Manganese Nitrate, sodium hydroxide, aluminum nitrate and sulfuric acid. The solids that are expected to be formed from the solutions include: Barium Sulphate, manganese hydroxide, sodium chloride, and aluminum hydroxide.

There is the probability that double displacement will occur in the mixture of the solution. It will be an essential factor in terms of assessing the ions that will be positive or negative. In some cases the anions will have a larger number of electrons in comparison to the neutral atoms, which will result in a negative charge. In the case of cations, they tend to lose electrons, and it means that the electrons will have a positive charge. When the two factors form two products, each of the factors will bond with the opposite ions so as to create or form a stable molecule. Their combination in terms of the formation of a stable molecule will result in a lattice crystal structure. In the case of the cations, the usually form metals, while the anions form non-metal ions and are referred to as ionic compounds.

In terms of deciding solutions that will be combined to establish the profitable products, it is essential for an individual to use or follow the solubility guidelines so as to determine the displacement product phases. In the case of a chemical reaction, the solid formed will be referred to as a precipitate. In the formation of a precipitate, the separation of two solutions can be achieved using a centrifuge. Another method would involve the filtration of the formed solid from the remaining liquid. When the soluble products are formed, evaporating the water will be the ideal solution for separating the solid from the remaining solution.

Procedure

The materials that will be required for the investigation will include: centrifuges, test tubes, evaporating dish, Bunsen burners and the solutions of the following: H₂SO₄, BaCl₂, Al (NO₃)₃, Mn (NO₃)₂, HCl, and NaOH.

BaSO₄ was formulated by mixing BaCl₂ and H₂SO₄.  The product of combination the two solutions was the solid BaSO₄ and a watery solution of NaNO₃.

Al (OH) ₃ was formed by a mixture of Al (NO₃)₃ and NaOH.  The product of mixing the two solutions was the solid Al (OH)₃ and the watery solution of NaNO₃

NaCl was formed from two solutions, which comprise of NaOH and HCl. The two solutions are combined to form NaCl and is dissolved in H₂O (NaOH_(aq)+HCl_(aq)àNaCl_(aq)+H₂O_(l)).  The mixture was then heated until all of the water evaporated resulting  in the solid NaCl (NaCl_(aq)+H₂OàNaCl_(s)+H₂O_(g)).

Mn(OH)₂ was produced through the mixture of Mn(NO₃)₂ and NaOH.  The product was a combination of the two mixtures was the solid Mn(OH)₂ and a watery solution of NaNO₃.

The solid was separated from the liquid solution by placing the mixture into a centrifuge.  The result was a separation of the different forms, with the visible solid at the base of the test tube with a liquid solution on top.  The liquid solution was distilled from the solution, and the remainder was the required product.

Results

Based on the formulation of the required products, the reactions of the mixtures yielded the following results. Each mixture produced the following individual reactions:

Al(NO₃)₃(aq)+3NaOH(aq)?Al(OH)₃(s)+3NaNO₃(aq)

Al³⁺(aq)+3NO₃^–(aq)+3Na⁺(aq)+3OH^?(aq)?Al(OH)₃(s)+3Na⁺(aq)+3NO₃^–(aq)

Al³⁺(aq)+ 3OH^?(aq)?Al(OH)₃(s)

The first developed chemical was Al(OH₃)₃, or Aluminum Hydroxide.  From the available chemicals, it was only Aluminum Nitrate that contained the Aluminum needed, and the only Sodium Hydroxide contained the Hydroxide that was required for the development of the desired precipitate.  After mixture of the two chemicals, the product resembled a milky solution, and it was put into a centrifuge, so as to establish the clear Sodium Nitrate, and spate it from the Aluminum Hydroxide, which was in the form of white pellets.  After the disposal of the Sodium Nitrate waste, all that was left was the desired Aluminum Hydroxide.

BaCl_{2 (aq)} + H₂SO_{4 (aq)} ?BaSO_{4 (s)} + 2HCl _(aq)

Ba²⁺(aq)+2Cl^–(aq)+2H⁺(aq)+SO₄^2-(aq)? BaSO₄(s)+ 2Cl^–(aq)+2H⁺(aq)

Ba²⁺(aq) + SO₄^2-(aq)? BaSO₄(s)

For the second chemical, it was Barium Sulfate or  BaSO₄, the solitary Sulfate that had to come from the Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄), and the only available Barium was BaCl₂ (Barium Chloride). The mixture of the two chemicals established a milky white solution that contained the required BaSO₄, which was in a liquid solution of HCl (Hydrochloric Acid).  So as to obtain the required solid, the solution was placed in a centrifuge until the separation of the waste HCl, from the Barium Sulfate in pellet form.

HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)?NaCl(aq)+H₂O(l)

H⁺(aq)+Cl^–(aq)+Na⁺(aq)+OH^–(aq)?Na⁺(aq)+Cl^–(aq)+H₂O(l)

2H⁺(aq)+OH^–(aq)?H₂O(l)

The third chemical was NaCl, or Sodium chloride.  Due to the availability of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Hydrochloric Acid, there was the use of double-displacement reaction was required so as to achieve the desired result.  Since NaCl is liquid form (dissolved in water), the reacted product required evaporation so as to remove all of the liquid, resulting in only the salt left.

Mn(NO₃)₂(aq)+2NaOH(aq)?Mn(OH)₂(s)+2NaNO₃(aq)

Mn²⁺(aq)+2NO₃^–(aq)+2Na⁺(aq)+2OH^–(aq)? Mn(OH)₂(s)+ 2NO₃^–(aq)+2Na⁺(aq)

Mn²⁺(aq)+2OH^–(aq)? Mn(OH)₂(s)

The final solid was Manganese Hydroxide, or Mn(OH)₂.  For the formulation of the chemical, only Sodium Hydroxide had the essential Hydroxide, and Manganese Nitrate had the required Manganese.  After the combination of the two chemicals, it resulted in the forming of a brownish yellow solution as the product. To retain the required solution, the solution was placed in a centrifuge until the Mn(OH)₂ precipitate was separated from the Sodium Nitrate.  The NaNO₃ was distilled from the Manganese Hydroxide pellet.

Discussion/Conclusion

From the investigation, the profitable products were expected to be created for the waste products. The results established the four solutions that were formulated, which included Sodium Chloride/NaCl, Manganese Hydroxide Mn(OH)₂, Aluminium Hydroxide Al(OH₃)₃ and Barium Sulfate BaSO₄.

Salt is a common factor, which is chemically referred to as Sodium Chloride. Chemical industries require the large amounts of the chemical, which is used in a number of factors, from the development of dyes, manufacturing of detergents and even textile fabrics. It is considered to be a primary source for the development of sodium hydroxide and industrial chlorine, which are widely used in numerous industries.

Aluminum Hydroxide can convert to aluminum oxide, which is the essential factor in the development of aluminum as a metal. It is also used in the formulation of other aluminum compounds as well as fire hydrant fillers. In the case of Manganese (II) Hydroxide, it is used in the assessment of the level of oxygen in water. It can be used in the manufacture of manganese .

Barium Sulfate is regularly used in the use of radio contrast for the use in X-ray imaging as well as other diagnostic procedures. In a number of cases it is used for the imaging of the GI tract, at which point it is referred to as a ‘barium meal’.  It can also be used as a hydrogenating function group that reacts to over reduction of the group.

All the solids have a potential use, and they can be used for commercial purposes and the company can use the generated revenues for the creation of solids from the formed waste solutions. It is essential for the company to analyze its costs of separating those solids and solutions, and the sale of the solids.

The investigation may have a number of limitations. The centrifuges may have developed an isolated solid from the solution. The centrifuge in contrast may not function in the expected manner. The precipitate and the transparent solution were not separated completely. As a result it was essential for the metal to be obtained as a metal. This factor would be achieved with the fully functional centrifuge as well as the ideal duration of time for centrifugation. The essential parameters will need to be established to ensure the right as well as accurate results from the investigation.